58 INTELLIGENCE AND MORALS 



and mathematical mechanics derives itself. Mo 

 tion, traced through the workings of a machine, 

 was followed out into natural events and studied 

 just as motion, not as a poor yet necessary device 

 for realizing final causes. So studied, it was found 

 to be available for new machines and new applica 

 tions, which in creating new ends also promoted new 

 wants, and thereby stimulated new activities, new 

 discoveries, and new inventions. The recognition 

 that natural energy can be systematically applied, 

 through experimental observation, to the satisfac 

 tion and multiplication of concrete wants is doubt 

 less the greatest single discovery ever imported 

 into the life of man save perhaps the discovery of 

 language. Science, borrowing from industry, re 

 paid the debt with interest, and has made the con 

 trol of natural forces for the aims of life so in 

 evitable that for the first time man is relieved from 

 overhanging fear, with its wolflike scramble to pos 

 sess and accumulate, and is freed to consider the 

 more gracious question of securing to all an ample 

 and liberal life. The industrial life had been con 

 demned by Greek exaltation of abstract thought 

 and by Greek contempt for labor, as representing 

 i the brute struggle of carnal appetite for its own 

 satiety. The industrial movement, offspring of 

 science, restored it to its central position in morals. 

 When Adam Smith made economic activity the 

 moving spring of man s unremitting effort, from 



