62 INTELLIGENCE AND MORALS 



firmly, to fill the waiting niche with its missing 

 figure. 



The industrial movement furnished the concrete 

 imagery for this ethical renovation. The utili 

 tarians borrowed from Adam Smith the notion that 

 through industrial exchange in a free society the 

 individual pursuing his own good is led, under the 

 guidance of the &quot; invisible hand,&quot; to promote the 

 general good more effectually than if he had set 

 out to do it. This idea was dressed out in the 

 atomistic psychology which Hartley built out from 

 Locke and was returned at usurious rates to later 

 economists. 



From the great French writers who had sought 

 to justify and promote democratic individualism, 

 came the conception that, since it is perverted 

 political institutions which deprave individuals and 

 bring them into hostility, nation against nation, 

 class against class, individual against individual, 

 the great political problem is such a reform of law 

 and legislation, civil and criminal, of administra 

 tion, and of education as will force the individual 

 to find his own interests in pursuits conducing to 

 the welfare of others. 



Tremendously effective as a tool of criticism, op 

 erative in abolition and elimination, utilitarianism 

 failed to measure up to the constructive needs of 

 the time. Its theoretical equalization of the good 

 of each with that of every other was practically 



