22 



According to Prof. Newton B. Pierce, the Tokay, Grenache 

 and Malaga are hardiest on the Lenoir. With Mr. Wm Pfeffer of 

 Cupertino the Tannat and Petite Sirah have held out longest on 

 Champini of those Viniferas, which- he has had under cultivation. 

 With Rupestris St. George and other free-growing stocks I find 

 that such Viniferas, which do not do well on account of lack of 

 heat in soil and atmosphere, as the Emperor and Petite Sirah 

 with me, are the best success, not considering other requirements. 

 The choice of grafts would have to vary some according to special 

 conditions .of climate and soil. To almost every vineyard owner 

 the problem presents itself, to find for a given soil the right 

 resistant and for the latter the right graft. As a rule free-growers 

 with a deep vertical root-system, similar to Rupestris St. George, 

 for gravelly soils from medium to poor, and stocks of a somewhat 

 sluggish growth, similar to Lenoir, with both deep and horizontal 

 main roots, for the close and compact soils will give the best re- 

 sults; but there will be exceptions. We do not want to think that 

 there are maay 5-acre tracts* especially in mountain regions, where 

 the same stock, or if the same stock, the same graft will give the 

 best results. 



From what has been said on the origin and development of 

 American species in the southern States of the East, it must not 

 be supposed that we need similar vines, or rather vines similar to 

 Lenoir, for our richer soils. Cultivation alters, and intelligent 

 cultivation improves conditions very much for the grape vine 

 against the disease. Young vines, on which the disease is most 

 severe, might not be able to get started at all on wild land in the. 

 East with regular summer rains and might do well in California 

 on cultivated ground and live a long life.. Cultivation should be 

 so that extremes in - the moisture contents of a soil are avoided 

 during the season and one season after another. Deep gravelly 

 soils on hillsides in the Coast mountain region hold the most con- 

 .stant m.oisture in their lower strata for a deep-rooting vine. 



In the study of soils in regard to adaptation the moisture 

 conditions are of the greatest importance. These do not depend 

 on the physical structure. alone but also on climate and cultivation. 

 The first-named does not mean only the mineral ingredients of a 

 soil, but includes also the humus contained in it, which latter 

 has the greatest influence on the soil's capacity for holding and 

 retaining moisture. There are principally three kinds of soils in 

 regard to moisture conditions, the .coarse gravelly ones, in which 

 the moisture settles down by gravity, the close and compact, in 



