URINE 437 



Strausz 1 has recently shown that the urine of diabetics to whom 

 "lothion" (diiodohydroxypropane) has been administered will give a 

 negative Nylander's reaction and respond positively to the Fehling and 

 polarization tests. "lothion" also interferes with the Nylander test 

 in vitro whereas KI and I do not. 



According to Rustin and Otto the addition of PtCl 4 increases the 

 delicacy of Nylander's reaction. They claim that this procedure causes 

 the sugar to be converted quantitatively. No quantitative method has 

 yet been devised, however, based upon this principle. 



A positive bismuth reduction test is probably due to the following 

 reactions : 



0) Bi(OH) 2 NO 3 + KOH -> Bi(OH) 3 + KNO 3 . 



(b) 2 Bi(OH) 3 -30 -Bi 2 + 3 H 2 0. 



Bohmansson, 2 before testing the urine under examination treats it 

 (10 c.c.) with y$ volume of 25 per cent hydroehloric acid and J^ volume 

 of boneblack. This mixture is shaken one minute, then filtered, 

 and the neutralized nitrate tested by Nylander's reaction. Bohmansson 

 claims that this procedure removes certain interfering substances, 

 notably urochrome. 



(g) Indigo Carmine Test. Place in a test tube 2 c.c. of water with an indigo- 

 sodium-carbonate tablet and one sodium carbonate tablet. These tablets may 

 be obtained from Parke, Davis & Company. 



Heat the tube gently until the indigo is cjissolved. Add to the blue solution, 

 from a pipette, one drop of the urine to be tested, and keep the fluid at the boiling 

 point, without, however, permitting active boiling, for sixty seconds. 



If no change is produced add a second drop of the urine, and heat once more. 

 If any notable quantity of sugar is present, the fluid will be observed to change 

 from pure blue to violet, then to purple and red, and in extreme cases will fade 

 to a pale yellow. If there is only a trace of sugar, the color will merely change 

 to one of the intermediate shades. 



Care should be exercised to prevent agitation or boiling of the liquid during 

 this test. Contact with oxygen of the ah* from boiling or agitation prevents the 

 discharge of the blue color. 



Normal urine itself produces a reaction if added in sufficient quantity, 5 to 

 8 drops generally being sufficient to change the color to purple or red. If, 

 however, no more than one drop of the urine is employed in the test, a change 

 in color is proof that sugar is present in abnormal quantity. 



3. Fermentation Test. Rub up in a mortar about 15 c.c. of the urine with a 

 small piece of compressed yeast. Transfer 'the mixture to a saccharometer 

 (Fig. 5, page 30) and stand it aside hi a warm place for about 12 hours. If glu- 

 cose is present, alcoholic fermentation will occur and carbon dioxide will collect 

 as a gas in the upper portion of the tube. On the completion of fermentation, 

 introduce, by means of a bent pipette, a little KOH solution into the graduated 



1 Strausz: Munch, med. Woch., 59, 85, 1912. 

 1 Bohmansson: Biochem. Zeit., 19, p. 281. 



