URINE 459 



FAT 



When fat finds its way into the urine through a lesion which brings 

 some portion of the urinary passages into communication with the 

 lymphatic system a condition known as chyluria is established. The 

 turbid or milky appearance of such urine is due to its content of chyle. 

 This disease is encountered most frequently in tropical countries, but 

 is not entirely unknown in more temperate climates. Albumin is a 

 constant constituent of the urine in chyluria. Upon shaking a chylous 

 urine with ether the fat is dissolved by the ether and the urine becomes 

 less turbid or entirely clear. 



HEMATOPORPHYRIN 



Urine containing this body is occasionally met with in various 

 diseases, but more frequently after the use of quinine, tetronal, trional, 

 and especially sulphonal. Such urines ordinarily possess a reddish 

 tint, the depth of color varying greatly under different conditions. 



EXPERIMENTS 



1. Spectroscopic Examination. To 100 c.c. of urine add about 20 c.c. of 

 a 10 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. The 

 precipitate which forms consists principally of earthy phosphates to which the 

 hematoporphyrin adheres and is carried down. Filter off the precipitate, wash 

 it and transfer to a flask and warm with alcohol- acidified with hydrochloric acid. 

 By this process the hematoporphyrin is dissolved and on filtering will be found 

 hi the filtrate and may be identified by means of the spectroscope (see page 300, 

 and Absorption Spectra, Plate II). 



2. Acetic Acid Test. To 100 c.c. of urine add 5 c.c. of glacial acetic acid and 

 allow the mixture to stand 48 hours. Hematoporphyrin deposits in the form of a 

 precipitate. 



LACTOSE 



Lactose is rarely found in the urine except as it is excreted by women 

 during pregnancy, during the nursing period, or soon after weaning. 

 It is rather difficult to show the presence of lactose in the urine in a 

 satisfactory manner, since the formation of the characteristic lactos- 

 azone is not attended with any great measure of success under these 

 conditions. It is, however, comparatively easy to show that it is not 

 glucose, for, while it responds to reduction tests, it does not ferment 

 with pure yeast and does not give a glucosazone. An absolutely 

 conclusive test, of course, is the isolation of the lactose in crystalline 

 form (Fig. 109, page 335) from the urine. 



On oxidation with nitric acid lactose and galactose yield mucic acid. 

 This test is frequently used in urine examination to differentiate lactose 

 and galactose from other reducing sugars. To differentiate lactose 



