in] Papilionacex 31 
Lupinidine = Sparteine (C 15 H 26 N 2 ). Many investigators (e.g. Kiihn at 
Halle) held that lupinosis was not identified with the presence of lupine 
alkaloids. Then, in 1883, Arnold and Schneidemiihl caused the disease 
(lupinosis) in sheep with lupines freed from all alkaloids, and they 
isolated from the seeds a substance they named Lupinotoxin, which 
they found to be poisonous. The nature of the poison cannot yet be 
said to be fully understood. The Lupine does not always appear to be 
poisonous only under certain conditions which are not too well defined. 
One farmer had Lupines on the same soil for twelve years without ill 
effects when fed to sheep, and then of 450 sheep 120 were severely ill, 
and 80 died; they had had unthrashed Lupine, not quite ripe, to the 
extent of one-fourth of the ration. It is held to be definitely established 
that the presence of this poison is due in turn to the presence of a 
saprophytic fungus ; when the fungus is absent or only present in small 
quantity the lupine is not at all or only slightly poisonous. 
Symptoms. The disease is either acute or chronic according to the 
amount of poison ingested. Most writers describe the disease in sheep, 
but symptoms given vary somewhat. 
In the acute form sheep become ill suddenly. There is loss of 
appetite, dyspnoea, intense fever, hsematuria, circulatory and digestive 
troubles, grinding of teeth and trembling, which may pass into spasmodic 
contractions. Vertigo is sometimes present. Jaundice then appears 
and is evidenced by the yellow colour of the mucous membranes. Tume- 
faction of the eyelids, lips and ears is common, but not invariably present. 
Micturition is frequent, but not abundant, and the urine contains 
albumen ; the excrements are few and dry. There is collapse, and loss 
of condition progresses rapidly, death occurring on the fourth to the 
sixth day after the commencement of the illness. 
In the chronic form the interstitial hepatitis predominates. Tume- 
faction of the head may also appear as in the acute form. Digestive 
troubles indicate chronic gastro-enteritis. This condition lasts for from 
15 to 20 days, during which the cephalic osdemse are eliminated by 
gangrene and the animals remain listless and without appetite. The 
illness in sheep is grave, and affected animals are rarely completely 
cured. The mortality in other species does not seem to be less than in 
sheep. (Cornevin.) 
In describing the acute form of lupinosis Pammel adds that the 
initial temperature may be as high as 104 to 106 F., but that it is 
intermittent and gradually falls just before death. The pulse may 
reach 130 per minute and the respirations 100. A bloody froth may 
