XXI. 



with piscine and mammalian remains. The mammalian remains being- 

 most frequent in that portion where the estuarine condition obtains. 

 Good cliff exposures are to be seen at Bawdsey and Felixstowe ; and 

 inland sections are to be seen at Foxhall, Eamsholt, Waldringfield, 

 Sutton, Bexley, and many other places along the banks of and between 

 the rivers Deben and Orwell, where pits are sunk to obtain the phos- 

 phatic nodules. Between Thorpe and Sizewell, and at Aldeburgh 

 Thorpe pit, are exposures of the littoral and estuarine deposits. 



At Chillesford the crag beds are remarkable for the presence of 

 characteristic Arctic forms of molluscan life. Here the. crag is overlaid 

 by a bed of loam passing gradually down into the crag below the 

 Chillesford clay. This is the latest member of the upper crag, indica- 

 ting a gradual subsidence of the land, and a deepening of the shallow 

 sea of the upper crag proper. It is to be seen at various places in the 

 neighbourhood, and in it was found almost complete the skeleton of a 

 whale. This bed has its South limit with that of the crag at Walton on 

 the Naze, but has been removed by denudation as far as Butley, and has 

 not been found W. of Wantisden and Halesworth. During the crag 

 period the climate was gradually becoming colder, with at first a- 

 gradual rise of the land ; but towards the end the land began to subside 

 once more. 



This is the proper place to mention the so-called forest bed ; which 

 is to be seen at Cromer, and extends as far South as Kessingland, South- 

 wold and Dunwich, underlying the glacial drifts. Various remains of 

 trees, bones and teeth of extinct mammals have been gathered from 

 these localities. A submerged forest is also to be found beneath the 

 Orwell, which has yielded similar fossils, among the botanical finds are 

 cones of Scotch and spruce fir, leaves of the white water lily, yellow 

 pond lily, hornwort, blackthorn, bogbean, oak and hazel. 



The glacial or drift beds may be divided into three series, Lower, 

 Middle and Upper. 



During the period which succeeded the already cooling climate of 

 the crag deposits, cold became by degrees more intense, and the con- 

 ditions common to Arctic regions obtained. Here and there are to be 

 found local deposits of clay, which contain remains of typical Arctic 

 plants Salix polaris, Betula nana and Hypnum turgesceus, which have 



