COKYLACEAE 343 



4-5 times as long as the glands : capsules conic, 5-10 cm. long, slender-beaked, loosely dis- 

 posed. 



In swamps or on moist hillsides, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, North Carolina and Missouri. 



16. Salix tristis Ait. A low diffuse and very leafy shrub, usually much less than 1 m. 

 high, with puberulent twigs. Leaf -blades oblanceolate, or linear-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, en- 

 tire or undulate, slightly revolute, hoary-white on both sides, becoming glabrous and greenish 

 above ; petioles about 2 mm. long or nearly wanting : aments expanding before the leaves, 

 small, nearly globular during anthesis, the pistillate, at least, sometimes becoming 1.5 

 cm. long : stigmas red, sessile or almost so : capsules ovoid below the slender beak, 5-6 

 mm. long, tomentulose, with pedicels twice the length of the bracts. 



In dry or barren soil, Nova Scotia ? to Maine and Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. 



17. Salix humilis Marsh. A branching shrub 1-2.5 m. high, the twigs brown, more 

 or less pubescent. Leaf-blades narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, green 

 above, whitish and puberulent beneath, entire or sparingly denticulate, slightly revolute, 

 acute at both ends or sometimes rounded at the apex, distinctly petioled ; stipules lunate, 

 acute, obscurely toothed : aments expanding before the leaves at least twice as long as 

 thick during anthesis, sessile, often drooping ; bracts oblong, rounded at the apex, brown 

 or black, clothed with long white hairs : style very short : stigmas thick : capsules nar- 

 rowly conic, 7-8 mm. long, beaked, silky, on pedicels equal to or slightly longer than 

 the bracts. 



In dry soil, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Nebraska, North Carolina and Tennessee. 



18. Salix purpurea L. A shrub or small tree, becoming 3.5 m. tall, with glabrous 

 slender flexible twigs. Bark smooth, very bitter: leaf-blades oblong to oblanceolate or 

 spatulate, 4-7 cm. long, serrulate toward the apex, veiny, deep green above, paler beneath, 

 short-petioled, sometimes appearing nearly opposite : aments densely flowered, 2-5 cm. 

 long, less than 1 cm. thick, sessile, cylindric, often curved ; bracts obtuse, black, hairy : 

 staminate aments about 2 cm. long, the flowers monandrous by the union of the filaments and 

 anthers, these purple, turning black : pistillate aments sessile or nearly so, 3-5 cm. long : 

 capsules densely tomentose, ovoid-conic, obtuse, about 5 mm. long. 



Sparingly escaped from cultivation in the Atlantic States. Native of Europe. 



Order 7. FAGALES. 



Shrubs and trees, with hard wood and sometimes aromatic foliage. Leaves 

 alternate : blades simple. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, at least the 

 staminate in aments, the pistillate sometimes surrounded by an involucre which 

 becomes a bur or cup in fruit. Calyx usually present. Corolla wanting. Fruit 

 a nut, or rarely a samara. Endosperm wanting. Embryo straight, with fleshy 

 cotyledons. 



Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments : fruit never with a bur or a cup. 

 Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx : pistil- 

 late flowers with a calyx. Fam. 1. CORYLACEAE. 

 Staminate flowers 2-3 together in the axil of each bract, each with a 



calyx : pistillate flowers without a calyx. Fam. 2. BETULACEAE. 



Staminate flowers in aments : pistillate often solitary, the involucre becoming 



a bur or cup. Fam. 3. FAGACEAE. 



FAMILY 1. CORYLACEAE Mirbel. HAZEL-NUT FAMILY. 



Monoecious shrubs or trees, with a close-grained wood and a scaly or smooth 

 bark. Leaves alternate, deciduous : blades simple, mostly doubly toothed, with 

 straight parallel lateral nerves : stipules free, deciduous or caducous. Staminate 

 aments usually elongated, drooping, with each bract subtending a single flower 

 without a calyx. Filaments distinct, forked at the apex. Anthers erect, the sacs 

 separated. Pistillate aments short and stout, erect or ascending, their bracts 

 imbricated, accrescent, foliaceous at maturity, each bearing 2-3 ovaries, with a 

 calyx and an involucre formed by the union of a bractlet and 2 scales : styles 

 filiform or subulate. Ovule solitary, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit of accres- 

 cent bracts, each subtending or enclosing 1 or 3 nuts. Seed solitary by sup- 

 pression, with a membranous testa. 



