458 PODOPHYLLACEAE 



5. Castalia flava (Leitner) Greene. Perennial by a stout rootstock. Leaves with 

 slender petioles ; blades floating, oval, suborbicular or sometimes slightly ovate, 6-20 cm. 

 long, obtuse, more or less undulate, glabrous, bright green above, crimson or purple be- 

 neath, the nerves impressed beneath ; sinus V-shaped or closed : flowers 6-10 cm. 

 broad : sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, often reddish without : 

 petals bright yellow, like the sepals in shape or varying to oblanceolate : berry subglo- 

 bose, 2-2.5 cm. broad: seeds subglobose. [Nymphaea flava Leitner.] 



In lakes, lagoons and slow streams, Florida. Spring to fall. 



FAMILY 9. PODOPHYLLACEAE DC. BARBERRY FAMILY. 



Perennial, sometimes acaulescent herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, some- 

 times all basal, with or without stipules: blades simple or compound, often 

 petioled. Flowers perfect, regular, solitary or in racemes. Sepals and petals 

 usually six, imbricated, in 2 series each (except the sepals in Jeffersonia\ the petals 

 opposite the sepals. Androecium of 6-18 stamens. Filaments sometimes flat- 

 tened. Anthers extrorse, opening by valves, except in Podophyllum. Gynoecium, 

 of a single carpel in our genera. Ovules 2-many, anatropous. Fruit a berry or 

 capsule. Seeds with endosperm. Embryo straight or nearly so. 



Herbs : leaves with simple or ternately compound blades. 



Anthers opening lengthwise. 1. PODOPHYLLUM. 



Anthers opening by valves hinged at the top. 

 Leaf-blades simple : seeds enclosed. 



Flower solitary : stamens 8 : fruit a capsule. 2. JEFFERSONIA. 



Flowers several, cymose : stamens 6 : fruit baccate. 3. DIPHYLLEIA. 



Leaf-blades ternately compound : seed naked, drupe-like. 4. CAULOPHYLLUM. 



Shrubs : leaves with pinnately compound blades, sometimes 1-foliolate. 5. BERBEEIS. 



1. PODOPHYLLUM L. 



Strong-scented glabrous herbs, with elongated poisonous rootstocks. Flowering stems 

 erect, simple below, bearing 2 flat peltate many-lobed leaves at the top. Flower white and 

 showy, solitary, nodding on a short pedicel on the top of the stem. Sepals 6, petal-like. 

 Petals 6-9, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6-18 : filaments distinct : anthers opening 

 lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, sessile : stigma peltate, sessile. Ovules numerous. Berry 

 large, many-seeded, edible. Seeds immersed in the pulp. MAY APPLE. INDIAN APPLE. 



1. Podophylrum peltatum L. Kootstock horizontal. Foliage glabrous, bright 

 green : sterile stems simple, 2-4 dm. long, surmounted by a centrally peltate umbrella- 

 like, 7-9-lobed leaf-blade 1-3 dm. broad, the lobes cuneate at the base, 2-3-cleft at the 

 apex, the segments usually toothed : fertile stems erect, simple, 2-4 dm. long, surmounted 

 by usually 2 petioled leaf-blades similar or nearly similar to that of the sterile stem, but 

 attached at or near the margin : pedicel stout, 2-4 cm. long, arising between the petioles : 

 flower nodding : bractlets 3, green, caducous : sepals 6, fugacious : petals 6-9, obovate, 

 2.5-4 cm. long, wax-like, white : berry obliquely oblong or ovoid, 4-5 cm. long, greenish 

 yellow, tipped with the black remains of the style. 



In woods and on hillsides, Quebec to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Spring. WILD MANDRAKE. 



2. JEFFERSONIA Bart. 



Acaulescent herbs with short rootstocks and glabrous foliage. Leaves basal : blades 

 2-parted, long-petioled. Flower perfect, white, solitary at the end of a long scape. Sepals 

 4, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 8, larger than the sepals. Stamens 8 : filaments distinct : 

 anthers opening by 2 valves. Ovary 1-celled : style wanting : stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 

 numerous, in many rows. Capsule leathery, broadest at the top, opening by a terminal lid. 

 Seeds numerous, each with a fleshy cleft aril. TWIN -LEAF. 



1. Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. Foliage glabrous, more or less glaucous. Leaves 

 basal, tufted ; petioles erect, 1-3 dm. tall ; blades 2-parted, the segments obliquely reni- 

 form, 5-10 cm. long, nearly entire or coarsely crenate, becoming deep green above, 

 glaucous beneath : scapes erect, about equalling the petioles in length or a little longer at 

 maturity, simple : sepals oblong-oblanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse : petals white, similar 

 to the sepals, often a little longer : capsule obovoid or obconic, 1.5-2 cm. long, short- 

 stalked, often somewhat curved at the base, opening by a transverse lid : seeds 4-7 mm. 

 long, red. 



In woods and thickets, Ontario and Wisconsin to Virginia and Tennessee. Spring. 



