802 VIOLACEAE 



early leaf-blades simply 3-5 lobed, the later ones 3-parted, with the middle or all 

 three primary segments 2-3-cleft, the subdivisions oblanceolate or linear, crenately 

 serrate towards the summit and bearing a few long narrow acute teeth below: corolla 

 violet-purple, the lateral petals bearded at the throat; spurred petal somewhat villous: 

 cleistogamous flowers and fruits on short underground peduncles till seeds ripen: 

 capsules green turning pale yellow, broadly ellipsoid, 13 mm. long, with lanceolate 

 sepals one third as long, their auricles short, appressed: seeds brown, 2.5 mm. long. 

 On limestone barrens, Bowling Green, Kentucky, and Nashville, Tennessee. 



4. Viola triloba Schwein. Earliest leaf -blades, and those put forth in late 

 summer, broadly cordate-ovate, usually uncut, sparsely pubescent or glabrate; those 

 unfolding at petaliferous flowering, densely villous beneath like the petioles, 3-lobed 

 or rarely 3-parted, the middle segment broad, the lateral lunate, divaricate, often 

 coarsely toothed or pedately cleft, the upper subdivision narrow; blades 10-15 cm. 

 wide when mature: peduncles mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves: petals deep 

 violet : outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliate : cleistogamous 

 capsules ovoid, purplish: seeds buff or brown. 



In dry woodlands, New England and New York, and along the mountains to Georgia 

 and Alabama, and eastward to the coast. V. triloba dilatata (Ell.) Brainerd differs from 

 the type chiefly in that the pedately cut leaf-blades have more and deeper incisions, the 

 middle primary segment being variously ovate elliptic or rhombic-lanceolate, the lateral 

 segments often petiolulate, 2-cleft or 2-parted, the outer subdivision broadly lunate and 

 again cleft, lobed or coarsely toothed ; it ranges from Missouri to the Gulf Coast and to 

 the Atlantic, where it intergrades with the type. 



5. Viola Lovelliana Brainerd. Plant often minutely hoary pubescent on the 

 upper part of the petiole and the adjacent lower surface of the blade, elsewhere ob- 

 scurely pubescent : leaf -blades cordate at base, earliest often uncut, later ones hastately 

 3-lobed, the middle lobe much the longest, lanceolate, sometimes contracted at the base 

 and undulately serrate, the lateral lobes divaricate, either lunate or variously 2-3- 

 cleft; leaf -blades at petaliferous flowering 2-5 cm. long, those of late summer twice 

 as long, glabrate, often less deeply cut, or uncut: flowers on stalks often exceeding 

 the leaves, sepals broadly lanceolate, acute, one third the length of capsule; the 

 auricles short, appressed, rounded, sparsely ciliate: corolla violet-purple, the three 

 lower petals villous at the throat and marked with dark purple lines: cleistogamous 

 flowers and immature fruit on prostrate peduncles: capsules purple-dotted, 14 mm. 

 long: seeds buff, 2 mm. long. 



On sparsely wooded hillsides and knolls, Arkansas and Oklahoma to southern 

 Louisiana and Mississippi. 



6. Viola escule~nta Ell. Eootstock stout, ascending, sometimes with purple 

 horizontal branches 5-7 cm. long; the foliage spreading, usually glabrous, becoming 

 stiff and succulent: first leaf -blades usually uncut, broadly cordate-ovate, 2-3 cm. 

 long, followed at flowering time by leaf-blades 3-5-lobed, successively larger and 

 longer-petioled till blade may be 8 cm. in length and in breadth, the late summer 

 ones with obscure lobes or none: flowers long-peduncled : sepals ovate-lanceolate with 

 emarginate auricles: corolla pale violet or white, the spurred petal slightly villous: 

 eleistogamous flowers ovoid-acuminate: mature capsules trigonous-cylindrie, closely 

 purple-dotted, 12-16 mm. long; their sepals one third as long: seeds dark brown or 

 sometimes buff, 2 mm. long. [F. heterophylla Muhl.] 



In river-swamps and on wet borders of slow streams in the coastal plain, South 

 Carolina to Florida. 



7. Viola papilionacea Pursh. Plants glabrous, commonly robust, from a stout 

 horizontal branching rootstock: leaf -blades often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in 

 outline above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly pointed; petioles 

 often sparingly pubescent : outer sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla deep violet, white or 

 greenish yellow at the base, sometimes wholly white, the odd petal often narrow and 

 boat-shaped, usually glabrous: cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles 

 usually underground but lengthened and erect when the capsules ripen: capsules 

 ellipsoid or cylindric, green or reddish-brown, 10-15 mm. long: seeds 2 mm. long, 

 dark brown. 



In moist meadows and groves, frequently about dwellings, Massachusetts to Minne- 

 sota and southward to the coastal plain. 



8. Viola rosacea Brainerd. Leaf -blades at vernal flowering narrowly cordate- 

 ovate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, 2-4 cm. long, sparsely hirtellous above; 

 later leaf -blades much wider, subcordate, acuminate, glabrous, 5-7 cm. long: corolla 

 rose-purple, about 2 cm. broad, the spurred petal glabrous or slightly villous: cleistog- 

 amous flowers ovoid on prostrate peduncles, their mature capsules ellipsoid, about 12 



