1118 KUBIACEAE 



the internodes ; blades linear-spatulate, 1-8 cm. long, 1-nerved, strongly mucronate, mar- 

 gins and midrib below scabrous with short stout hairs as is also the whole upper surface : 

 cymes few-flowered, on short lateral leafy-bracted branches : pedicels stiff : corolla minute, 

 white, with four acute lobes : fruit on straight pedicels, 3-5 mm. in diameter, densely un- 

 cinate-hispid : endosperm very deeply grooved, almost annular in cross-section. 



In damp shady places, New Brunswick to Alaska, Florida and Texas, possibly introduced from 

 Europe. Also a native of Asia. A smaller form, with leaves scarcely over 2.5 cm. long and more abun- 

 dant longer-hispid ulous fruit, is G. aparine VaMMntii Koch ; it is found from Texas westward and north- 

 ward. Spring to fall. SPRING CLEAVERS. GOOSE-GRASS. 



2. Galium Texanum (T. & G. ) Wiegand. Annual. Stems weak and slender, 4 

 dm. long or less, hispid, especially below : leaves and stipules in 4's ; blades broadly oval, 

 equal, 6-10 mm. long, 1-nerved, thin, covered with straight bristly hairs, some of the 

 axils with clusters of small leaves and a short peduncle : flowers mostly terminal : pedun- 

 cles 6-25 mm. long, filiform : fruit with short scarcely uncinate bristles. 



On hills and river banks, Texas. Spring and summer. 



3. Galium virgatum Nutt. Annual. Stems branched from the base, the branches 

 erect-spreading, 1-3 dm. high, more or less hispid ; internodes short : leaves and stipules 

 in 4's, 3-10 mm. long ; blades linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, 1-nerved, sessile, very hispid 

 on the margins and midrib : flowers axillary, solitary or glomerate, on recurved leafy- 

 bracted pedicels shorter than the leaves : corolla minute, white, with 4 acute lobes : fruit 

 3 mm. in diameter, densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm deeply grooved, with a ridge oppo- 

 site the embryo, the cross-section very deeply lunate. 



In dry open soil and on prairies, Tennessee and Missouri to Louisiana and Texas. Spring. A 

 form with smooth and glabrous foliage and fruit, is G. virgatum leiocdrpum T. & G. 



4. Galium pilosum Ait. Perennial. Stems often diffusely and stiffly branched from 

 the base, 3-8 dm. high, rarely slightly decumbent, more or less hirsute, but not scabrous, 

 the joints swollen, 4-angled above, nearly terete below : leaves and stipules shorter than the 

 internodes, in 4's, 8-20 mm. long; blades oval-ovate or elliptical, obtuse and rounded or 

 callous-mucronate at the tip, nearly sessile, 1- (rarely 3-) nerved, sparingly hairy on both 

 surfaces, densely pellucid-punctate below : flowers numerous, in groups of 2's or 3's, on 

 short stiff' pedicels, 2-10 mm. long, on the divaricate branches of the ample rigid but diffuse 

 nearly naked terminal and lateral cymes : corolla greenish yellow or purplish, the 4 lobes 

 acuminate : fruit 4 mm. in diameter, densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm deeply grooved, 

 with a slight ridge opposite the embryo, the cross-section lunate. 



In dry open sandy woods, Massachusetts to Indiana, south to Florida and Texas. Summer. A 

 form with smaller and narrower leaf-blades and nearly glabrous foliage, ranging from New Jersey to 

 Florida and Texas, is G. pilosum puncticulosum, (Michx.) T. & G. 



5. Galium circaezans Michx. Perennial, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Stems 

 branched from the base, rather strict, 2-4 dm. high: leaves and stipules in 4's, shorter 

 than the internodes, 15-30 mm. or rarely 40 mm. long; blades elliptic-ovate to oval, nearly 

 sessile, obtuse or sometimes acutish and apiculate at the apex, sparingly hairy on both sur- 

 faces and with few pellucid dots below, 3-nerved : flowers few, sessile or nearly so along the 

 divaricate branches of the terminal cyme : bracts minute : corolla hirsute, 2-5 mm. broad, 

 greenish ; lobes 4, acuminate: fruit 4 mm. in diameter,, densely uncinate-hispid, deflexed : 

 endosperm deeply grooved, with a slight ridge opposite the embryo, the cross-section deeply 

 lunate. 



In dry woods and copses, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Summer. WILD 

 LIQUORICE, 



6. Galium Arkansanum A. Gray. Perennial. Stems 3 dm. high, erect and dif- 

 fusely branched, smooth below, retrorse-scabrous above : leaves and stipules in 4's, 3-5 

 cm. long, 9-12 mm. broad, equalling the internodes ; blades lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 

 late, sessile, acute but not mucronate, 1-nerved or rarely 3-nerved, the margins and midrib 

 scabrous, the lower surface densely pellucid-punctate : flowers numerous, on long filiform 

 roughened pedicels, in much-branched diffuse nearly naked terminal cymes : corolla 

 brownish purple, 3 mm. broad, with 4 acuminate lobes : fruit scabrous but not uncinate 

 (1 carpel usually sterile), rarely nearly glabrous, slightly fleshy, each carpel 2-3 mm. in 

 diameter: endosperm as in the next following species. 



In dry soil, western Tennessee to Missouri and Arkansas. Summer. 



7. Galium latifolium Michx. Perennial. Stems mainly 3-6 dm. high, diffusely 

 branched from near the base, glabrous : leaves and stipules in 4's, equalling or shorter 

 than the internode ; blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, 3-nerved, acute but 

 not mucronate at the apex, abruptly contracted below into a sessile or stipitate base, pel- 

 lucid-punctate beneath, the margins and nerves minutely hispid : flowers numerous, on 

 filiform pedicels in somewhat naked diffuse cymes : corolla brownish, 3 mm. broad, the 



