CARDUACEAE 1161 



tire, erect or ascending, slightly revolute : involucres campanulate, about 5 mm. high ; 

 bracts oblong to linear-oblong, acute or apiculate, slightly pubescent : achenes 2.5 mm. 

 long, with pubescent ribs : pappus straw-colored, slightly roughened. [ V. angustifolia var. 

 pumila Chapm.] 



In sand, southern peninsular Florida and Key West. 



23. Vernonia Lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray. Foliage lanose-tomentose. Stems 

 2-10 dm. tall, often branched above : leaves numerous ; blades narrowly linear, 4-12 cm. 

 long, acute, revolute, often glabrate above : peduncles club-shaped : involucres campanu- 

 late, 5-7 mm. high, densely white-lanose ; bracts mostly oblong, obtuse, commonly gland- 

 tipped : achenes 3 mm. long, glabrous : pappus purplish. 



In dry soil, Texas. 



24. Vernonia oligophylla Michx. Foliage minutely pubescent. Stems scape-like, 

 2-7 dm. tall : leaves mainly basal ; blades elliptic, oblong, pblanceolate or spatulate, 

 mainly 1-3 dm. long, obtuse or acutish, serrate or dentate, sometimes doubly so : peduncles 

 sometimes slightly club-shaped : involucres campanulate, 7-8 mm. high ; bracts linear to 

 linear-lanceolate, narrowed into subulate tips : achenes 3 mm. long, barbed upward in the 

 ribs : pappus pale straw-colored. 



In dry soil, North Carolina to Florida. 



2. ELEPHANTOFUS L. 



Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs, with short rootstocks. Leaves alternate : blades 

 mostly broadened upward, shallowly toothed. Heads 2-5-flowered, discoid, glomerate at 

 the ends of the corymbosely disposed branches, the glomerules subtended by 2-3 small 

 foliaceous bracts. Involucres flattened : bracts chaffy, in 2 series, the outer bracts shorter 

 than the inner. Receptacle naked. Corolla regular except for a deeper cleft on the inner 

 side. Stigmas pubescent. Achenes truncate, 10-ribbed. Pappus single or double, of several 

 rigid persistent bristles terminating scale-like bases. The plants of the several species 

 bloom in the summer and fall. 



Leaves mainly cauline. 1. E. Caroliniamis. 



Leaves mainly or all basal. 



Larger leaf-blades over 3 times, sometimes 9 times, longer than broad. 



Stems with spreading rather than appressed hairs : leaf-blades closely and 

 softly pubescent : scale-like base of the pappus gradually narrowed into 

 the tip. 2. E. elatus. 



Stems with appressed rather than spreading hairs : leaf-blades glabrate or 

 sparingly pubescent : scale-like base of the pappus abruptly narrowed 

 into the tip. 3. E. nudatus. 



Larger leaf-blades less than 3 times as long as broad. 4. E. tomentosus. 



1. Elephantopus Carolinianus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, leafy, branching above, 

 rather hirsute. Leaves mainly cauline ; blades thinnish, oblong, elliptic or oval, 5-15 cm. 

 long, crenate-serrate or repand, the lower ones narrowed into margined petioles : bracts 

 subtending the glomerules ovate to oblong-lanceolate, truncate or cordate, 1-3 cm. long : 

 bracts of the involucres chaffy, 1 cm. long, or shorter, acute or acuminate : achenes 3.5-4 

 mm. long. 



In woods, Pennsylvania to Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. 



r*^w, 2. Elephantppus elatus Bertol. Stems scape-like, 7-10 dm. tall, often nearly simple, 

 -with the hairs mainly spreading. Leaves mainly basal ; blades 2-2.5 dm. long or some of 

 them shorter, spatulate or the upper ones oblong, all crenate-serrate, conspicuously ciliate : 

 peduncles densely silky-hirsute : bracts subtending the glomerules ovate or triangular- 

 ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, densely pubescent: corollas 2.5-3 mm. 

 long : pappus-bristles hair-like from a very narrow base. 

 In dry soil, Georgia to Arkansas. 



3. Elephantopus nudatus A. Gray. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, scape-like, strigose, or 

 sometimes slightly hirsute at the base, forking above. Leaves mainly basal ; blades ob- 

 lanceolate to spatulate or oblong, 0.5-3 dm. long, undulate or crenate-undulate : bracts 

 subtending the glomerules ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, 

 delicately reticulated, rounded or cordate and pubescent at the base : achenes 3 mm. long : 

 pappus-scales deltoid, shorter than the breadth of the achenes. 



In sandy soil, Delaware to Florida, Arkansas and Louisiana. 



4. Elephantopus tomentosus L. Stems scape-like, 2-7 dm. tall, forking above, 

 rather hirsute above the base. Leaves mainly basal ; blades oblong, oval or oblong- 

 oblanceolate, 0.5-2 dm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate : bracts subtending the glomerules 

 ovate, 1-2 cm. long, revolute, coarsely reticulated without, rounded or cordate at the 



