CARDUACEAE 1261 



or parted : heads showy : disk subglobose to oblong-oval, 1-2 cm. long : ray-flowers few ; 

 ligules bright yellow, 4-5 cm. long, early drooping. 



On plains or prairies, in dry soil, New York to Iowa, Florida and Texas. Summer and fall. 



91. BRAUNERIA Neck. 1 



Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves normally alternate : blades simple, entire or toothed. 

 Heads radiate, solitary or few, conspicuous. Involucres many-flowered, rather flat : bracts 

 in 2-4 series, narrow. Receptacle depressed, hemispheric, chaffy. Ray-flowers several, 

 neutral, often with imperfect styles : ligules spreading or drooping, purple or rose, rarely 

 yellow or white. Disk-flowers perfect, fruit-producing : chaff awned, surpassing the flowers, 

 persistent. Achenes acutely 4-angled, stout. Pappus a crown, more or less produced into 

 triangular teeth at the angles. CONE-FLOWER. 



Awn of the chaff about as long as the body : root horizontal or horizontally inclined, fibrous. 



1. B. purpurea. 



Awn of the chaff shorter than the body : root vertical, fusiform. 

 Plants glabrous or glabrate. 



Leaf-blades lanceolate to oblanceolate, the upper dentate. 2. B. laevigata. 



Leaf-blades elongated-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, entire. 3. B. atrorubent. 



Plants hirsute or hispid. 



Ray-flowers with drooping ligules 4-8 cm. long. 4. B. pallida. 



Ray-flowers with spreading ligules 2-3 cm. long. 



Pubescence short and harsh : leaf-blades 3-5-ribbed. 5. B. angustifolia. 



Pubescence shaggy-hispid : leaf-blades 1-3-ribbed. 6. B. Tennesseensis. 



1. Brauneria purpurea (L. ) Britton. Root horizontal or horizontally inclined, 

 fibrous. Stem somewhat scabrous-pubescent, 6-12 dm. tall, rarely branched : leaf -blades 

 ovate to lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate or dentate-serrate, or those 

 on the upper part of the stem entire, cuneate to subcordate at the base ; petioles of the 

 lower stems and basal leaves longer than the blades : heads showy : disks 2-2.5 cm. high ; 

 bracts of the involucre linear to linear-lanceolate, finely hispid, lax : ray-flowers 12-20 : 

 ligules 2.5-5 cm. long or rarely shorter, purple or somewhat crimson or whitish : awns of 

 the chaff about as long as the body : achenes 4-5 mm. long, wrinkled. 



In rich soil, woods or fields, Virginia to Missouri, North Carolina, Alabama and Louisiana. Summer. 



2. Brauneria laevigata Boynton & Beadle. Perennial from a long, vertical black 

 root. Stem smooth, striate, about 1 m. tall, leafy at the base, sparsely leafy up to the long, 

 naked peduncle : basal and lower cauline leaves petioled, 1-3 dm. long, smooth, their blades 

 oblanceolate, oblong or lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, entire or shallowly toothed, those of 

 the upper stem-leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, mostly dentate with shallow teeth, 

 petioled or the uppermost sessile : involucral bracts lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, imbri- 

 cated, finely ciliate on the margins, otherwise smooth : ray -flowers 10-15 ; ligules rose-color, 

 3-6 cm. long, spreading : chaff aristate, the awn shorter than the body : disk-flowers nu- 

 merous, the florets dark purple : achenes 4-sided, crowned by the unequally toothed pappus. 



In woods and fields, near Seneca, South Carolina. Summer. 



3. Brauneria atrorubens (Nutt. ) Boynton & Beadle. Root vertical, black, not 

 fibrous. Stem simple, striate, stout, 5-8 dm. tall, glabrous or the upper portion sparingly 

 pubescent with short, appressed hairs : leaves petioled, the blades elongated-lanceolate or 

 narrowly elliptic, 1-2 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, entire, finely ciliate on the margins, glabrate ; 

 petioles of the lower leaves often as long as the blades : involucral bracts lanceolate, cili- 

 ate : ray-flowers 12-20 ; ligules 2-4 cm. long, purple or yellow : awn of the chaff shorter 

 than the body : achenes stout : pappus a toothed border accentuated at the angles. 



In dry soil, Arkansas and Missouri. Summer. 



4. Brauneria pallida (Nutt.) Britton. Root vertical, fusiform. Stem more or less 

 hispid, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf -blades broadly linear or narrowly elliptic, or somewhat broader 

 at the base of the stem, 5-20 cm. long, entire, the lower ones narrowed into slender petioles : 

 heads showy : disks 1.6-2 cm. high : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, hispid, the tips lax : 

 ray-flowers 10-15 ; ligules pale or deep rose-color, 4-8 cm. long, slender, drooping, 2-cleft 

 at the apex : awns of the chaff shorter than the body. 



In dry soil, New England to Minnesota, Kentucky, Alabama and Texas. Summer. 



5. Brauneria angustifolia (DC.) Heller. Root vertical, not fibrous. Stem hispid, 

 4-6 dm. tall : leaf-blades narrowly elliptic to broadly linear, 3-15 cm. long, prominently 

 3-5-ribbed, entire, the lower ones narrowed into slender petioles : heads conspicuous : disks 

 about 2 cm. high : bracts of the involucres linear-lanceolate, copiously hispid, with lax tips : 



1 Contributed by Mr. C. L. Boynton and Mr. C. D. Beadle. 



