CASSIOPE. 



THE ENGLISH FLOWER GARDEN. CATANANCHE. 383 



CASSIOPE (Himalayan Heather}. 

 Tiny alpine bushes, thriving in peaty 

 soil well drained, as they are all im- 

 patient of stagnant moisture about 

 their roots, while absolute shade from 

 the midday sun is also necessary. The 

 best plan is to raise small banks of 

 peat, and plant them on the top, 

 taking care that they do not want for 

 water both at the roots and overhead. 

 They are increased by division, rooting 

 freely when pegged down. C. fasti- 

 giata is one of the most fragile and 

 beautiful of alpine woody plants ; it 

 ( may be grown without much trouble 

 with the more common C. tetragona. 

 Both are pretty for the rock or bog 

 garden. 



CASTANEA ( Chestnut] . A noble 

 tree, native of E. and S. Europe. 

 There are fine old trees in many of 

 I our country seats in all parts of the 

 south of the country, though excepting 

 ;in the warmer counties, the fruit is 

 not as good as on the Continent of 

 I Europe. The Chestnut thrives best 

 in airy and warm situations, and upon 

 stony or free soils, not caring much for 

 j chalk or heavy soils. It is easily raised 

 'from seed planted directly where it is 

 jto grow. There are on the Continent, 

 I where the tree is much more grown 

 | than here, a good many varieties grown 

 I for the value of their fruits. Varie- 



?ited varieties as usual are useless, 

 here are a few other species, such 

 ] as C. crenata (Japan), dentata (N. 



Cdstanea. punrila.. 



America), and the dwarf C. pumila 

 of the southern States of N. America, 

 but these are of slight value compared 

 to that of C. Vesca, the beauty of old 

 trees of which is very great, as seen 



at Shrubland, Tortworth, Co'wdray, 

 and many other places. The names 

 "Sweet" and "Spanish," applied 

 to this tree, are quite needless and 

 confusing. There is a cut-leaved form, 

 C. dissecta. 



CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA 



(Golden Chestnut}. A beautiful ever- 

 green tree of the Pacific Coast of N. 

 America, coming between the Oaks 

 and the Chestnuts. In moist valleys 

 near the sea the finest trees reach a 

 height of 150 feet, but it is often only 

 a low shrub on the mountain sides. 

 At a little distance these low densely- 

 branched little trees look like a Bay 

 or a Holly Oak, only the leaf is smaller 

 and narrower, with a powdery golden 

 under-surface of beautiful effect when 

 stirred by wind. It blooms in Septem- 

 ber and ripens its fruits, like tiny sweet 

 Chestnuts, in the succeeding autumn. 

 Though borne freely upon little plants 

 only 2 feet high, they seldom reach 

 perfection in this country. The plant 

 is hardy even in the north of Scotland, 

 and does well about Edinburgh and in 

 sheltered parts of the west country, 

 thriving in good heavy soil, but growing 

 very slowly, so that it must never be 

 put near greedy shrubs that would 

 outgrow and smother it. Being very 

 averse to removal, it is mostly planted 

 from pots. The hardiest form of all 

 is minor, from the mountain tops of 

 California a pretty little shrub for 

 raised banks. 



CATALPA. Handsome flowering 

 trees of the Bignonia order, one of 

 them forming a beautiful tree even 

 in London gardens. 



C. BIGNONIOIDES (Indian Bean). A 

 handsome tree, hardy in S. Britain and 

 the kind which flowers so well in London. 

 There is no more precious lawn tree for 

 good shade and flowering at a season when 

 all the early trees are out of flower. It is 

 best propagated by seed, and is not diffi- 

 cult about soil. N. America. 



C. SPECIOSA (Catawba Tree). A forest 

 tree in America, westwards, and is little 

 known in our country yet, though pro- 

 mising to be a forest tree ; reaches 120 feet 

 high in its own country. It deserves a 

 very good position among the best flower- 

 ing trees for lawn or for a grove. C. 

 Bungei and C. Kcsmpferi are two other 

 kinds known in gardens, both inferior in 

 size to the foregoing trees, and less attrac- 

 tive unless where collections are desired. 



CATANANCHE (Blue Cupidone}. 

 C. coerulea is an old border plant, 

 about 2 feet high, flowering in summer ; 



