522 JEFFERSONIA. THE ENGLISH FLOWER GARDEN. JUGLANS. 



for walls and warm banks ; it is best on 

 warm and sandy soils, and often thrives in 

 the heart of our cities. It should be 

 planted in every garden against a wall, or 

 used for trailing over arbours. It is one 

 of the best of all climbing shrubs, on 

 account of its hardiness and rapid growth 

 in almost any soil. There are several 

 varieties of it, the best being /. affine, with 

 flowers larger than those of the ordinary 

 kind. There is a variegated-leaved kind, 

 not of much value, and one with golden 

 foliage, and there is a rare double-flowered 

 form. It is almost evergreen, except in 

 exposed places. It is a native of Persia 

 and the north-western mountains of India, 

 but is naturalised here and there in S. 

 Europe. 



JEFFERSONIA (Twin-leaf}. An in- 

 teresting dwarf plant, allied to the 

 Blood - root, /. diphylla being from 

 -6 to 10 inches high, the flowers white, 

 about i inch across, in early spring. 

 It is a good plant for peaty and some- 

 what shady spots on the rock garden, 

 and for the margins of beds of dwarf 

 American plants. Seed should be sown 

 in sandy soil as soon as gathered, 

 but careful division of the root in 

 winter is the best way to increase the 

 plant. A native of rich woods in N. 

 America. 



J. DUBIA is a new and exquisitely beau- 

 tiful species from Manchuria, flowering in 

 May. The plant produces a tuft of 

 roundish leaves and great numbers of 

 Hepatica-like flowers of pale mauve 

 colour. Height, 6 inches. Quite happy 

 in peat and loam. 



JUB-ffiA (/. spectabilis).A hand- 

 some, hardy S. American palm, with 

 a short, tree-like stem, which some- 

 times attains a great height, and pin- 

 nate leaves of a deep green colour 

 and from 6 feet to 12 feet long. The 

 leaf-stalks are very thick at the base, 

 where they are enclosed in a dense 

 mass of rough, brown fibres, which 

 grow upon their lower edges. Young 

 plants are prettier than old ones, and 

 when well established grow without 

 any trouble, and are free from the 

 diseases which attack the softer leaves 

 of other palms. The soil for this 

 plant should be a mixture of two 

 parts of rich loam and two parts 

 composed of peat, leaf -mould, and 

 sand. This exists in the open air 

 throughout the winter in the warmest 

 parts of Britain, growing fully hardy 

 and making a fair growth where the 

 climate at all resembles that of Chili. 

 Grown in tubs in the conservatory in 

 winter, and placed in the open air in 



summer, it is useful for grouping with 

 the hardier palms. 



JUGLANS (Walnut). Stately trees 

 of northern and eastern regions, among 

 them being our noble European Wal- 

 nut, a tree as well known to the 

 ancients as to ourselves, and useful 

 and beautiful in all ways. 



Our Walnut (/. regia), like many 

 other fruit trees, has been cultivated 

 for so long that no one is clear as 

 to its origin, but it is a tree of 

 wide distribution in the East, and 

 in countries where it is much culti- 

 vated has many varieties, differing 

 much in size and in the tenderness of 

 their shells, and even in earliness. 

 Though the Walnut is not so much 

 grown in Britain as in countries of S. 

 Europe, it is very happy in some of 

 our southern, western, and eastern 

 counties, occasionally attaining fine 

 proportions, especially on warm and 

 chalky soil ; but as we go farther 

 north it becomes less and less likely 

 to ripen its fruit, and in Scotland it 

 has to be grown against walls. In 

 parts of C. and S. Europe it is so 

 much cultivated that the wood and 

 fruit and oil produced by it form a 

 principal source of commerce. There 

 is very much of interest as regards the 

 uses of the various products of the 

 Walnut in countries where it is at 

 home, but here we are concerned with 

 its culture and beauty as a lawn, 

 pleasure ground, or orchard tree, and 

 in this way with us it does best 

 in good and rather dry soils on cal- 

 careous base, though thriving in other 

 soils. 



The form of single trees is often very 

 fine, as indeed it is as a group, and 

 sometimes as a short avenue. It may 

 also be grown as an orchard tree where 

 the soil is favourable and there is 

 plenty of room. The finest specimens 

 are occasionally nearly 100 feet in 

 diameter in spread of branch. The 

 cut-leaved forms will appeal to some. 

 Among the other species there are 

 remarkable trees, but our common 

 Walnut has in Europe so many good 

 qualities that it is the best to plant, 

 although some of the other species are 

 good for collections of hardy trees, 

 such as /. cineria, the Butternut, /. 

 nigra, the black Walnut, both of 

 America ; the latter a very hardy, 

 fine tree which would thrive in situa- 

 tions where our common Walnut might 

 not be so free ; /. mandshurica, of the 

 Amoor region ; /. rupestris, of the 



