310 GOVERNMENT OF SUBJECT PEOPLES 



only too natural when these wrong notions lead to 

 injustice and misunderstanding. 



Still more important are the conditions of 

 hypocrisy and double-dealing which are bred of 

 such relations between rulers and ruled. No 

 people can follow one code of conduct when dealing 

 with their rulers and another code in their dealings 

 with one another without suffering both morally 

 and physically. There is no more potent source of 

 the lack of interest in life which is the bane of 

 subject peoples than the knowledge that they are 

 being ruled by men who do not understand them 

 and apparently do not try to understand. 



I have now considered certain conditions which 

 have helped to obstruct the recognition of the 

 value of scientific knowledge in the art of govern- 

 ment. Before I pass on to deal with certain special 

 subjects to illustrate how this knowledge may be 

 useful, I may take this opportunity to point out 

 one feature of lowly culture which makes inter- 

 ference with its customs an especially delicate 

 matter. 



If we compare a number of varieties of human 

 culture we find that the lower we go in the scale, 

 the more rude and apparently primitive the in- 

 stitutions of the people, the more closely are their 

 institutions bound together, the more dependent 

 are the different elements of culture upon one 

 another. If, as is generally held, progress consists 

 in specialisation of social function, in the gradually 



