184 SCIENTIFIC FEEDING OF ANIMALS 



to see that they contain all the parts of the grain, 

 and that there has been no withdrawal of flour, 

 or the addition of foreign material, both of which 

 must be regarded as falsification. Often under 

 the name of ground corn, by-products from the 

 manufacture of flour, groats, barley are sold, and 

 they contain a large amount of the husks or seed 

 coats. Coarsely ground barley, oat and pea meals 

 are often little more than bran. Sometimes waste 

 products from other grains husks and chaff of all 

 sorts, stone nut meal, precipitated chalk, clay, 

 earth, sand, marble dust, etc. are added to the 

 meal. Against such adulterations the analysis of 

 samples from each consignment is the only remedy. 

 With regard to the preparation of grains for 

 feeding, they are usually either coarsely or finely 

 ground, or crushed, or soaked in water, as has 

 been previously described (p. 138 et seq.). 



(a) Cereal grains. 



Of these oats are the most used for feeding, par- 

 ticularly to horses, young stock or male breeding 

 animals. As regards palatableness and effect oats 

 are the best of the cereals, and on this account 

 they are used as concentrated food for that most 

 sensitive animal the horse, and they are seldom 

 replaced by any other cereal, at any rate only 

 partially. Oats, on an average, contain 14-1% 



