tened and truncate posteriorly. Often the dorsal plates are 

 buckled up in the middle to form a longitudinal median 

 ridge and in certain genera (Aphelonema) the sides may 

 have one or more rows of minute or coarse pustules. 



At the end of the abdomen we find the genital segment, 

 frequently cut out more or less deeply about the anal tube, 

 when observed from above and with the lateral margins 

 blunt or angular, and not infrequently rounded or drawn 

 out into a long flap or lobe-like process. 



In the male the last or ninth segment is designated as 

 the pygofer and in the middle of the upper rim of the 

 same lies the anal tube; the latter is formed by the fusion 

 of the tenth and eleventh segments, is rather elongate and 

 broad, and of definite form. The ventral margin of the 

 pygofer is often deeply cut out, sinuate, or with tooth-like 

 processes. Its shape, however, is constant and quite 

 distinctive for each species and aids in final determination. 

 On the under side of the genital segment, in the ventral 

 aperture of the pygofer, are the two styliform organs of 

 varied length and shape, known as the genital styles, al- 

 though frequently termed the genital plates. These are 

 constant and definite in shape and size in the different 

 species and in the Fulgorids, especially the Delphacids, 

 are now considered to be the final criterion for specific 

 determination and even to afford characters for generic 

 classification. From the bottom of the inner chamber 

 between the genital styles arises the aedeagus or penis which 

 is rather indistinctly visible. 



In the female the last abdominal segment is known as 

 the pygofer also. The ventral portion almost completely 

 encloses the ovipositor which is visible along a median slit. 

 The ovipositor is generally a long, rather slender, heavily 

 chitinized organ, and is hinged to the caudal end of the 

 preceding segment. At the end of the segment is found 

 the anal tube with its accompanying style. 



The legs. The legs are composed of the coxa, tro- 

 chanter, femur, tibia and* tarsus, the latter usually con- 

 sisting of three tarsal segments and ending in a tarsal 

 claw. The front tibiae are in some genera very much 

 broadened or expanded leaf -like, and the hind tibiae gen- 

 erally have one or more large lateral spines or spurs. 



19 



