COMPOSITE FAMILY. 223 



Hi Chaffy receptacle; scales of the involucre dry and very stiff, in many series, often 



colored. 

 63. XERANTHEMUM. Heads large and solitary, long-peduncled. Involucre campanu- 



late or cylindrical, the scales spreading, the outer ones sho/ter. Akene slender, 



with a minute crown. Hoary. 



II li II Chaffy receptacle; scales of the involucre green, few, and rounded. 

 81. IVA. Heads small and few-several-flowered, the outer 1-4 pistillate and fertile, with 



a small tubular corolla or 0, the others staminate with a funnel-form, 5-toothed corolla. 



Anthers nearly separate. Akenes ovoid or lenticular. Pappus 0. 

 = = Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, but of some slender 



bristles in the central and perfect, yet seldom fruit-bearing flowers ; scales of 



the involucre woolly. 



20. FILAGO. Heads small, crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous flowers, each 



fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and dry chaffy scale, and with a very 

 slender, thread-like corolla ; the central flowers with a more expanded 4r-5-toothed 

 corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool ; leaves entire. 



===== Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles (but caducous in Grindelia) ; no 

 chaff among the flowers. 

 | Cottony -ivhite herbs. 



21. GNAPHALIUM. Small heads (often clustered) of many whitish flowers, surrounded 



by an involucre of many ranks of dry and white or otherwise colored (not green) 

 scarious and persistent scales woolly at base ; the flowers all fertile, the outer ones 

 with pistil and very slender corolla, the central ones perfect and with more expanded 

 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender and roughish bristles. 



(22) ANTENNAE! A. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants dioecious. Staminate flowers with 



a simple style, but the ovary sterile, and their pappus of stouter bristles which are 

 thickened at the summit, and there more or less barbed or plumed ; pappus of fur- 

 tile flowers united and falling together. 



23. ANAPHALIS. Heads dioecious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened or united. Fer- 

 tile heads usually bearing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the center. Otherwise 

 HkeAntennaria. U Not cottony. 



(9) GEINDELIA, which is sometimes rayless, may be sought here (p. 226). 



25. HELICHRYSUM. Heads rather large, terminating the branches singly, the pistillate 



flowers few and often in a single marginal row. Involucre dry and chaff-like, not 



cottony, the scales stiff and spreading, often colored. 

 19. PLUCHEA. Heads many-flowered, the central flowers perfect but sterile, these few, 



with a 5-cleft corolla ; all other flowers pistillate and fertile, with a thread-shaped trun 



cate corolla. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Akenes grooved. Pappus 



in a single row. Strong-scented herbs, near the coast. 

 61. ERECHTITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre of many 



narrow and naked scales in a single row ; outer flowers with very slender corolla : 



inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes narrow ; pappus of copious, very flue 



and soft, naked, white hairs. Rank coarse herb. 

 AT) EKIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may be 



looked for here (p. 225). 



H- -n- Only one kind of flowers in the head. 



Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored (i.e., not green], 

 not withering, in mani/ ranks ; many flowers in the head. 



II Plant dioscious : head containing only staminate or pistillate flowers. 



22. ANTENNARIA. Pistillate flowers with very slender corollas and a pappus of long and 



very fine, hair-like, naked bristles ; the staminate (with a simple imperfect style), 

 with the pappus of thicker bristles enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at their 

 summit. Loaves and stems cottony. 



(23) ANAPHALIS. See above. 



