COMPOSITE FAMILY. 225 



-= = Anthers not truly appendaged. 

 1 Leaves all radical, appearing after the vernal flowers. 



55. TUSSILAGO. Kay flowers very numerous and in many rows, fertile, with narrow 



ligules ; the tubular disk flowers few in the center, and not fertile. Scale of the 

 involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and soft. Head solitary on a scaly -bracted 

 scape. II || Leafy-stemmed, later flowering. 



o Involucre imbricated. 



10. CHEYSOPSIS. Eay 'flowers numerous in one row. Scales of the involucre narrow, 



not leaf-like: Pappus of many roughish slender bristles, with also an outer row of 

 very short and stout or chaff-like bristles. Akenes flattened, hairy. Heads single 

 or corymbed. Leaves alternate. 



11. SOLIDAGO. Kay flowers 1-8, or rarely 10-16, the tubular disk flowers several, rarely 



many. Involucre oblong, its scales appressed, of unequal lengths. Pappus a single 

 row of slender roughish bristles. Akenes narrow and terete, many-ribbed. Heads 

 in large clusters, panicled or corymbed, small. Leaves alternate. 

 o o Involucre not (or very slightly} imbricated. 



56. ARNICA. Ray flowers several or many in a single row. Scales of the involucre nearly 



equal in 2 rows. Pappus a single row of rough rather rigid bristles. Akenes slender. 

 Heads few and rather large. Leaves opposite. 



57. SENECIO. Ray flowers several in a single row, or sometimes none ; the disk flowers 



(as in the last three) perfect and fertile. Scales of the involucre in a single row, 

 or often with small bractlets at the base. Pappus very fine and soft. Heads mostly 

 in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. 



58. OTHONNOPSIS. Ray flowers few, in one series. Disk flowers all sterile. Involucre 



campanulate (in ours), the scales in one row, more or less united at the base. Akenes of 



ray flowers oblong, 5-10-ribbed, pubescent, crowned with the copious pappus in several 



or many rows ; of the disk flowers slender, glabrous, the pappus less. Leaves fleshy. 



H--H- Rays white, blue or purple (at least never yellow'), the flowers of the disk mostly 



yellow. Akenes flatfish. Leaves simple and alternate. 



14. CALLISTEPHUS. Ray flowers very numerous, usually in more than one row, in cul- 



tivation often very numerous. Involucre in several rows, more or less leafy. Pap- 

 pus of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at base by a little cup or 

 crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles more or less united. 

 Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, large and broad. Leaves sessile, 

 coarsely toothed. Annual. 



15. SERICOCARPUS. Ray flowers about 5, white, fertile ; disk flowers 12-20, pale yellow. 



Involucre cylindrical or clavate, the scales loosely imbricated in several rows, whitish 

 and appressed, often with greenish spreading tips. Akenes short and obpyramidal, 

 very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. Perennials, with sessile 

 leaves and mostly clustered heads. 



16. ASTER. Ray flowers more or less numerous, in one row. Involucre imbricated. 



Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of short 

 bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Usually perennial. 



17. ERIGERON. Ray flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more than 



one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, appressed, 

 mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, without any leaf-like 

 tips ; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short and sometimes chaff- 

 like bristles at the base of the long ones. Annual or. perennial. 



*- *- Pappus not of long hair-like bristles, either a little cup or crown, or of a few 

 scales, teeth, atcns, etc., or none at all. 



H-No chaff on the receptacle among the flowers, except perhaps in Achillea and Anthe- 

 mis and in some cultivated and altered forms of Chrysanthemum. Leaves 

 mostly alternate. 



=-= Akenes flat ; rays (pistillate) not yellow, at least in our species. 



12. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle high, 



conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless; no pappus. Low herbs, with solitary 

 peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 

 GRA.Y'8 F. F. & G. EOT. 15 



