THE GUERNSEY BREED 243 



to the limit of color depth in No. 6, a deep orange, containing 150 cc. 

 (cubic centimeters) of Wells & Richardson's Improved to 100 pounds 

 of pure white base. This gives us six shades with a common differ- 

 ence of 25 cc. of color per 100 pounds per shade. The inside of the 

 standard case should be enameled white. The samples show better 

 against a white background. Lead paint turns yellow. Zinc white 

 enamel does not. Take a trier sample of yesterday's butter, and pick 

 off a bit on a knife and run along the shades and find its place. 



"Suppose it to be winter and it is exactly No. 4, and that 50 cc. 

 of Wells & Richardson's Improved were used. No. 4 contains 100 

 cc. of color per 100 pound's of white. If 50 cc. were used the cows 

 must have supplied the rest or 50 cc. per hundredweight; or the nat- 

 ural color would be found by actual trial to be No. 2. So no shade 

 lower than No. 2 can be made. There is no practical way to bleach 

 butter. It can be done chemically, by long washing in separators, or 

 by storage, neither of which is practical. No order can >be filled' for 

 a lower color than the cream or process stock contains. 



"But to return. We had No. 2 natural shade, 50 cc. value. To 

 get No. 3 we .would add 25 cc. per hundred pounds of butter. An 

 addition of 75 cc. would give us No. 5, etc. This is the whole plan of 

 use. 



"To obtain uniform color in varying factories of a line of cream- 

 eries figure similarly, and this is the largest usefulness for this 

 method. For several years I have seen butter from seven plants 

 come in daily as like in color by this method as if one churning. 

 Where No. 4 butter is the shade wanted, factory A, where the nat- 

 ural color was running No. 2 or 50 cc., would color at the rate of 50 

 cc. per hundredweight; and factory D, where feed and breed were 

 different and the natural color was above No. 3, say 85 cc., would use 

 but 15 cc. per hundredweight to have its butter match the standard 

 shade for the line. No really up-to-date maker will color per thousand 

 of milk or gallons of cream, or salt either; the proper basis is always 

 the pounds of butter estimated to be in hand. And cubic centimeter 

 graduates and calculations are far better than ounces and fractions. 

 One ounce equals a little less than 30 cc. 



"To prepare the standard shades, put away in the absolute dark- 

 ness of a box in a cold storage room that doesn't freeze, or a cellar, 

 several sealed bottles of Wells & Richardson's Improved color. 



"These bottles will provide standards for years. Next get a box 

 of droppers from your druggist and find one that will drop exactly 

 50 drops of the color at 60 degrees F. to each cubic centimeter. Each 

 drop of this size equals in 40 grams of material, 25 cc. in 100 pounds 

 of butter. (No. 1 will be one drop; No. 2, two drops, etc., to each 40 

 grams.) Use pure white mutton stock for the base, and work in a 

 hot room, and have the stock soft, so that it can be worked up with 

 a spatula or thin case knife on a smooth or waxed board. In a line 

 of creameries, two sets of cases can be provided, or a set of cans may 

 be used and the standard boxes refilled at each plant. The shades 

 must be renewed monthly or oftener, and should be kept in a clean, 

 dry place of moderate temperature. Do not smooth the surface of the 

 color boxes; leave as cut off with the edge of the knife. 



"Mutton stock is made by all large packers, and is largely ex- 

 ported to Holland, where it is used in oleo factories. The packers 

 will make up 200 pounds at a time for about 7c a pound and freight, 



