THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 21 



European Canker {Neetria ditissiiiia). As a result of the 

 field meeting at Andover, specimens were secured for the first 

 time of the European Canker. It has also been reported else- 

 where. The fungus causes curious distortions of the branches, 

 that enlarge from year to year as a result of injury to the 

 new wood. The trouble is to be looked for in older orchards. 

 Proper pruning and painting of cut surfaces should control it. 



Rust {Gy}uiiosporaiigiu)n sps.). The dry May was unfavor- 

 able for infection of apple leaves by cedar rusts. It seemed 

 to be less prevalent than in the preceding year. The preference 

 these fungi show for certain varieties was shown by a visit 

 to a local nursery. The Wealthy and Fallowater were badly 

 rusted, but the other varieties, side by side with these, were 

 free. 



Scab (Ventura iiurqualis). May is also a very critical time 

 for the first infection of scab. A wet, cold month is the ideal 

 condition for its development, and this is what we did not have 

 this year. The wet June, however, was favorable for its spread. 

 On the whole, scab seemed not so abundant this year as last. 



Baldwin Spot is a trouble that shows as small sunken spots 

 on the exterior of the apple, or as discolored patches scattered 

 within the flesh. It is now generally believed not to be of 

 fungous origin, but possibly due to the collapse of the tissues 

 as a result of the loss of water. This puts it among the physio- 

 logical troubles. The bruised condition of apples, as a result 

 of the September gale and the generally unfavorable season, 

 were probably factors in making this trouble more serious than 

 usual. 



Winter Injury. The most serious trouble of the apple the 

 past year was that due to the December freeze. The general 

 effects can be but briefly indicated here. In nurseries, especially 

 where trees went into the winter in an unseasonable condition 

 due to the late fall coupled with late cultivation, the injury 

 was most severe. Often the trees were killed outright or so 

 severely injured as to be of little value. Curiously, the injury 

 was usually confined to the wood, the bark and cambium 

 remaining uninjured. The wood showed this injury by the 

 dark color it assumed, which was in striking contrast with the 

 healthy wood that was developed around it during the season. 

 When such trees were transplanted, the unfavorable weather 



