132 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 



adjacent halves of the latter. The honey collects in the angles between 

 the stamens and ovary just where the proboscis is thrust in, and the 

 stamens when touched, being sensitive, spring forward towards the 

 pistil and dust the side of the bee's head with pollen. 



The stigma is covered with wart-like knobs along its edge sur- 

 rounding the base of the ovary, and owing to the openness of the 

 flower one side of the insect's head opposite that touched by the 

 stamen brushes it when it goes on to the next flower, and cross- 

 pollination thus follows. In the same flower the bee plunges its head 

 first to one side and then to the other, and self-pollination follows. 

 Diptera, Syrphidae, Muscidse, Hymenoptera (Apiclae, Vespidae), Coleop- 

 tera (Dermestidae, Coccinellidae) visit it. The irritable stamens secure 

 dusting of the insect, and cross-pollination, by driving the bee, which is 

 startled by their recoil, away to another flower, an observation noted 

 by Linnaeus. 



The fruit is dispersed by the agency of animals. It is edible, juicy, 

 and the seeds are dispersed by animals. Being red it is attractive to 

 birds. As the seeds have a hard testa and endosperm they are un- 

 injured by digestion. 



Barberry is partly a humus-loving plant, requiring a humus soil, but 

 is also a sand-lover, subsisting on a sand soil, and grows best in a 

 mixture of the two or peaty loam. 



Puccinia graminis, an orange cluster-cups, grows on the leaves and 

 shoots of the Barberry. The second stage of the fungus forms the 

 well-known rust of wheat and other cereals, sEcidium berberidis. 

 Microsphcera berberidis is parasitic on Barberry also. 



The Hymenoptera, Hylotoma berberidis, ff. euodis, the Lepidoptera, 

 Beautiful Brocade, Hadena contigua, Mottled Pug, Eupithecia exiguata, 

 Exapate selatella, Gelechia Montfetella, the Homoptera, Lecanium per- 

 sicce, Rhopalisiphura berberidis, the flies, Rhagoletis cerasi, Spilographa 

 alternata, visit it. 



Berberis, a name given by Brunfels, is mediaeval Latin of uncertain 

 origin. 



Barberry is called Barbaryn, Barberry, Barboranne, Berber, Guild, 

 Jaundice Berry, Maiden Barberry, Pepper-ridge, Piperidge, Piprage, 

 Woodsour, Woodsore, Woodsower Tree, Piperidge Rilts. 



In allusion to the name Jaundice Berry, Ellis, in Modern Husband- 

 men, 1750, p. 157, says: "The wood of this tree is said to be such an 

 antidote against the Yellow Jaundice that, if a person constantly feeds 

 himself with a spoon made of it, it will prevent and cure this disease 

 while it is in its infancy." 



