1 62 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 



anthers are green. The drupes or stone fruits are black or reddish- 

 purple, small, numerous, acid. The flower has a concave receptacular 

 tube which surrounds the base of the pistil. The pistil is made up of 

 numerous carpels on a conical receptacle. The cluster of drupes is an 

 etaerio. 



The plant is frequently 10 ft. high. It is in flower from July to 

 September. It is perennial, propagated by layers, the branches arching 

 over and rooting again; the branch contracts and the tip is drawn into 

 the earth, whilst the original branch dies very frequently, and the new 

 plant takes its place. 



The flowers are large and conspicuous, expanding widely. The 

 petals when outspread are nearly flat, being large, and many flowers 

 form a panicle. The anthers and stigma ripen together. The stamens 

 are numerous, but in spite of this the honey exposed on the disk is 

 accessible to short-lipped insects, as they spread out. The outer 

 anthers are the first to open, and they turn their anthers upwards. 

 The stigma ripens together with these outer stamens. In spite of this 

 homogamous condition the flowers are cross-pollinated, as the stamens 

 are spreading. Insects in visiting the flower may touch either the 

 anthers at the border or the stigma in the centre. The inner stamens 

 when they open are erect, and may touch the outer stigmas and cause 

 self-pollination. 



The Blackberry is visited by many insects: Hymenoptera, Apis, 

 Boinbus, Macropis, Andrena, Halictiis, C&lioxys, Nomada, Diphysis, 

 Osmia, Stelis, Prosopis, Crabro, Oxybelus, Anemophila, Cerceris, 

 Sargiis, Chrysomyia, Empis, Ascia, Syritta, Eristalis, Helophilus, 

 Chrysotoxum, Vohicella, Rhingia, Physocephala, Tipula, Byturus, 

 Diacanthius, Limonius, Triclmis, Telephones, Malachius, CEdemera, 

 Clytus, Leptura, Pachyta, Strangalia, Meligethes, Argynnis, Pieris 

 crattegi, P. napi, Hesperia, &c. 



The fruit is a drupe or drupelet, on a convex receptacle, which is 

 eaten and dispersed by birds, &c., and so dispersed by animal agency. 



Blackberries grow on a variety of soils, but in general are most 

 addicted to a sandy or stony subsoil, which is derived from the older 

 rocks of granitic or arenaceous origin. 



The fungi which infest the Blackberry and Raspberry are: Spharu- 

 hna tntermixta, Phragmidium mbi-id&i, Coniothyrium tumczfaciens , 

 Gleosporium venetum, Cercospora rubi. 



They are galled by Lasioptera rnbi, Diastrophus riibi, and other 

 fungi infesting them are Phragmidium violaceum and Uredo innlleri. 



The beetles Dasytes niger, Anthonomus rubi, Batophila rubi, Meli- 



