174 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 



livida, Rhingia rostrata, Syrphus pyrastri, Onesia floralis, Dilophus 

 vulgar is. 



The fruit is an edible, brightly-coloured pome or receptacle, with 

 a softer pericarp, luscious when ripe, and is dispersed by birds and men. 



The Apple is more or less a clay-loving plant, growing on clay, 

 or a sand plant, growing on sand. A gravelly stony subsoil also 

 suits it. 



A number of fungi attack the cultivated Apple, which equally infest 

 the Crab, of the genera Podospk&ra, Eutypella, Glomerella, Nectria, 

 Sphcerella, Fusicladium, Tympanis, Sclerotinia, Plwliota, Polyporus, 

 Hydmun, HypocJmus, Phyllosticta, Sph&ropsis, Entomosporiuni, Bacil- 

 lus, Valsa, and Armillaria mellea. White cotton -wool-like tufts are 

 formed, and the branches are much distorted by Schizoneura lanigera 

 and S. fodiens, which cause galls; and Scolytus pruni, Alytilaspis 

 pomormn (a scale insect), and Lecaniiim caprea cause ravages. 



The bark is also attacked by American Blight, the Fruit-tree Bark 

 Beetle; the blossom and fruit by the Codlin Moth, Earwig, Golden 

 Chafer, Apple-blossom Weevil, Apple Sawfly, Apple Suckers, Wasps; 

 the leaves by Apple Aphis, Plum Aphis, Cockchafer, Garden Chafer, 

 Green Leaf and Oblong Weevils, Dot Moth, Figure-of-eight Moth, 

 Lackey Moth, Large Tortoise-shell Butterfly, Lappet Moth, Mottled 

 Umber Moth, Small Ermine Moth, Common Vapourer, Winter Moth; 

 the shoots by the Pith Moth; the wood by the Shot-borer Beetles, 

 Goat Moth, and W r ood Leopard, as well as many other insects. 



Malus, Varro, is the Latin for Apple Tree, and has the same root 

 as in the Celtic and Scandinavian languages. 



The Crab Apple is called Apis, Aplyn, Applelyn, Apple, Apple- 

 John, Appo, Appulle, Bittersgall, Bittersweet, Catsheads, Coling, Crab, 

 Crab-stock, Crab-tree, Grab, Grabstock, Gribble. Koling, Leather 

 Jacket, Morris Apple, Nurse Garden, Pomewater, Sap, Scarb Jacket, 

 Scrab, Screyt, Scrog, Star Apple, W r ell Apple, W 7 harre, Wilding. 



As to the name Bittersgall, it was often remarked of a soft, silly 

 person, "He was born where th' bittersgall da grow, and one o' 'm 

 fall'd on his head, and made a zaate (soft) place there". In Lincoln- 

 shire to gather crabs is called crabbing. An acid liquor-like vinegar 

 is called crabvargis. It was a custom 70-80 years ago to pelt the 

 parson at Mobberley, Cheshire, with crab apples on Wakes' Sunday, 

 the Sunday next before St. Luke's Day. The name Nurse Garden 

 may be given because of its frequent occurrence in nursery gardens. 



On Twelfth Day, in Devonshire, they go "wassailing" into the 

 orchard after supper, with a large milk-can full of cider with roasted 



