COMMON ELM 229 



this to a tendency to self-pollination which seems not to have been 

 generally noticed, especially when proterandry occurs and is not well 

 marked. The fruit or samara is dispersed by aid of the wind, the 

 broad wing serving this end. 



Though generally planted, the Elm appears to flourish best in 

 loamy or clayey soil, and if grown on sandy soil the horizontal roots 

 are often exposed to the weather and to frost, and the tree is liable 

 to die off in the upper part during drought, or from exposure of the 

 roots. 



The Elm is liable to the attacks of fungi, similar to those that 

 infest the Wych Elm, as Taphrina ulmi, Mycosphczrella ulmi (Elm leaf 

 spot), Psilocybe spadicea, Hypholoma fascicularis, Flammula ulmicola, 

 Pkoliota adiposa, Pleiirotus ulmarius, Collybia velutipes, Fomes fomen- 

 tarius; Tinder fungus, Hydnum diversidens\ Oak rot, Phleospora ulmi\ 

 galls such as Schizoneura ulmi, Pemphigus pallidus ; the moths, Wood 

 Leopard, Lime Hawk-moth, Copper Underwing, Common Dagger, 

 Small Engraved Moth; the butterflies, Large Tortoise-shell, Comma, 

 White-letter Hairstreak; the beetles, Orchestes alni, Scolytus destructor, 

 S. multistriatus, Hylesinus vittatus, Epipeda plana, Quedius ventralis, 

 Ocypus fuscatus, 7^richonyx sulcicollis, Symbiotes latus, Endonychus 

 coccineus, Dacne humeralis, Cerylon histeroides, Lcemophloeus ater, 

 Mycetophagus populi, Teresias serra, Dorais parallelipedus, Ischnodes 

 sanguinicollis, Haplocneimis impressus, Rhagitim inquisitor. The He- 

 miptera Heteroptera, Brachysteles parvicornis, Phytocoris ulmi, Ortho- 

 tylis viridinervis, O. ochrotrichzis, O. prasinus, Malacocoris chlorizans, 

 Asciodema Jieberi are found on Elm. The following Hemiptera 

 Homoptera, also infest the Elm: Pediopsis ulmi, Allygius commutatus, 

 Alebra albo-striella var. Wahlbergi, Typhlocyba ulmi, T. lethierryi. A 

 Hymenopterous insect, Psen pallipes, is found on it. 



The names by which the Elm is known are numerous, viz.: Allom- 

 tree, Alme, Aum, Elem, Ellem, Elm, English Elm, Elmen, Elven, 

 Helm, Horse May, May, Ome Tree, Owm. The name Elm is appar- 

 ently cognate with the Latin Ulmus, a Plinyan name for the Elm, and 

 Ellum is a general name for Elm. The corky type, Ulmus siiberosa, 

 is called All-heart. 



Called in some districts Elven, the Elm seems to have been con- 

 sidered to have had some connection with fairies. The name May is 

 applied to a piece of Elm gathered early in the morning of the first 

 day of the month. The Elm in Devonshire is regarded as one of 

 those trees which are not liable to be struck by lightning, but this is 

 not generally the case. 



