PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD 



37 



of leaflike organs on the outside are lance-shaped, the inner ones linear, 

 acute. They are bent back. The rays of the flowerheads are small, 

 and not much longer than the involucres or whorls of bracts, which are 

 unequal. The pappus or hair is red, and the fruit is hairy. The ray 

 florets are divided and in 

 a single row. 



The height of this 

 plant is about 2 ft. It 

 is in flower in July and 

 August. It is a decidu- 

 ous, herbaceous peren- 

 nial, propagated by seeds. 



The ray florets may 

 be female or neuter, ligu- 

 late, with slender style 

 lobes, while the florets of 

 the disk are tubular and 

 bisexual, with the lobes 

 of the style short. 



This plant is visited 

 by many insects, Apidae, 

 Halictus leucozomis, H. 

 cylindricus, H. macula- 

 tits, H. albipes, Nomada 

 solidaginis, Sphegidae, 

 Serceris. 



The fruits are pro- 

 vided with pappus, which 

 is rough and in one row, 

 and they are thus adapted 

 for dispersal by the wind. 



Ploughman's Spike- 

 nard is a rock plant, 



growing on barren, rocky ground on rock soil, or on sand derived 

 from the rocks of chiefly older date, or on calcareous soils. 



Two moths, Gelechia bifractella, Pterophorus lithodactylus, feed 

 on it. 



Inula, Horace, is derived from the Greek Helenion, a plant sup- 

 posed to have been the elecampane, and the second Latin name refers 

 to the squarrose nature of the leaves and bracts of the involucre. 



This plant is called Cinnamon Root, Fleawort, Ploughman's Spike- 



Photo. Hatters & Ga 



PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD (Inula squarrosa, Bernh.) 



