i 3 2 FLOWERS OF LAKES, RIVERS, ETC. 



early flowers, which lead many bees to feed almost entirely on them, 

 ensure their fertility. The power of secreting honey is the only feature 

 developed to attract insects, and ensures cross-pollination, the unisexual 

 flowers preventing self-pollination. The majority of diclinic insect- 

 pollinated flowers, such as Asparagus, Ribes nigrum, Lychnis vespertina, 

 have become diclinic by degeneration of the hermaphrodite flower, but 

 in Salix it is inherited from the primitive Angiosperms, which were 

 probably diclinic and wind-pollinated. The plant is visited by bees, &c., 

 flies, beetles, Lepidoptera. 



The seeds are fringed with hairs which assist in wind-dispersal. 



Crack Willow is a peat-loving plant, growing in peat soil. 



A fungus, Melampsora vitellince, especially attacks Crack Willow, 

 which is galled by Nematus gallicola very frequently. 



Other fungi which attack willows generally are Capnodium, Botryo- 

 sphceria, Rhytisma, Cryptomyces, Psilocybe, Hypholoma, Flammula, 

 Pholiota, Pleurotiis, Collybia, Trametes, Fames, Polyporus, Diplodina. 

 Crack Willow is galled also by Cecidomyia saliceti, C. terminalis, 

 Cryptocampus medullarius, Enura angiista. 



The beetles which attack willows are of many different kinds, such 



as Carabus, Badistes odes, Homalota, Ptinella, Platynaspis, Soronia, 



Tiresias, Sinodendron, Ludius, Corymbites, Helobium, Ptilinus, Rho- 



palodontus, Aromia, Cerambyx, Lamia, Saperda, Lema, Cryptocephalits, 



Pliytodecta, Plagiodera, Luperus, Lochmcea, Galeruca. 



Two Hymenoptera that frequent willows are Megachile willo2igh- 

 biella, M. circumcincta, and Colletes and Andrena are found on Sallows, 

 and Nematus salicis on willow. 



The Satin Moth (Liparis salicis) and the Double Kidney (Tethea 

 retusa) are two moths common on Crack Willow, which is also attrac- 

 tive to the Eyed Hawk Moth, Goat Moth, Puss, Swallow Prominent, 

 White Satin, Lappet, Herald Moth, Copper Underwing, Red Under- 

 wing, Chocolate Tip, Dark Dagger, Early Thorn, Small Emerald, 

 Common Pug, Small Seraphim. Several Heteropterous insects infest 

 willows, as Plesiocoris rugicollis, Lygus limbatus, sEtorhinus angidatus, 

 Orthotylus diaphanus, O. flavinewis, O. marginalis, Psallus albicinctus, 

 P. sanguineus, P. salicellus, Plagiognathus roseri, Drymus pilipes, and 

 Homoptera, Aphrophora salicis, Hybos smaragdula, Idiocerus adustus. 



Salix, Pliny, is Latin for willow, and the second Latin name refers 

 (as does the English Crack Willow) to its brittle boughs and twigs. 



It is called Crack Willow and Snap Willow; and as to the last 

 a writer speaks of: " The Snap W 7 illow which is so brittle that every 

 gale breaks off its feeble twigs". 



