FLOWERS OF WASTE PLACES, GARDENS, 

 REFUSE - HEAPS, VILLAGE GREENS, 

 FARMYARDS, ETC. 



Man during his operations in one direction or another, by agricul- 

 ture, horticulture, building operations, quarrying, railway or canal 

 transit, causes considerable disturbance in the balance of nature by the 

 introduction, unconsciously (as a rule), of many plants which are called 

 aliens, casuals, colonists, denizens, &c. Collectively considered there 

 are some 1 100 aliens which come to us with seed from abroad, in 

 cotton, &c., and are often to be found straying from mills where 

 wheat is ground for flour, the small seeds being blown away in the 

 winnowings. 



A few are called Viaticals, and may be found along our waysides, 

 having travelled thus by various means, there being seventy of these. 

 The former use of herbs in medicine is responsible for a number 

 of these. 



Moreover, the carrying of corn with its complement of weeds along 

 our highways, a necessary operation, causes the agrestal type of plants 

 to find a place also along our highways and in those other places 

 which are especially visited by man. Of these Mesophytes (treated in 

 Section III) there are about 1 10, and a number of them are common 

 to waste ground, as this last is often associated with the place of 

 storage of cultivated plants. 



The distribution of this class of plants being entirely artificial, it 

 should naturally come at the end of the series, followed by the equally 

 artificially-placed mural plants which are allied to the natural Litho- 

 phytes. These aliens cannot be regarded as identical with that group 

 called Chersophytes, or waste herbage which grows on land formed by 

 the cutting down of forests often removed from human habitations and 

 on high land. At the same time it is allied to it, growing on dry soil, 

 which is the usual characteristic of the soil of the waste places here 



