VOLUME V. APPENDIX I 

 ANGIOSPERM.E 



(Summary of Natural Orders) 



Seed-plants (Spermatophytes). Ovules enclosed 

 in an ovary. Perianth well-developed. 



CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS 



Embryo containing 2 or more (rarely i) coty- 

 ledons, opposite or in a whorl. Leaves net- 

 veined. Stem perennial, with pith, wood, and 

 bark; with medullary rays, and increased by rings 

 of wood on the outside yearly. Perianth of 4 or 

 5 or 2 divisions. 



SUB-CLASS I. POLYPETALJE 



Perianth of 2 whorls, calyx and corolla; petals 

 distinct as a rule. 



Division A. Thalamiftorce 



Petals distinct, rarely absent, not united with 

 the sepals, stamens free, hypogynous. 



Order i. Ranunculaceae. Herbaceous plants, 

 rarely shrubs or woody, a few climbing. Leaves 

 usually alternate, without stipules. Flowers usu- 

 ally regular, sepals 3-6, sometimes petaloid, petals 

 5 or more, rarely absent. Stamens many, inde- 

 finite (rarely 5); anthers adnate, opening longi- 

 tudinally; carpels numerous, apocarpous or syn- 

 carpous; fruit aggregate, achenes, follicles, berries; 

 seeds albuminous. 



Order 2. Berberidaceae. Shrubs, leaves trans- 

 formed into spines, usually without stipules; sepals 

 in 2 series, 3 or 4; petals 3 or 4 or 6 or 8; stamens 

 4-6, opposite the petals; anthers valvate; carpels i, 

 i-celled; fruit, drupe or berry; seeds fixed by base 

 or on lateral placenta, albuminous. 



Order 3. Nymphaeaceae. Aquatic plants; stems 

 submerged; leaves floating, peltate; flowers regu- 

 lar; sepals 4-5; petals many, indefinite, on the 

 disk, surrounding the ovary; stamens indefinite; 

 stigma peltate; ovary syncarpous, io-2o-locular; 

 ovules numerous ; seeds many, surrounded by an 

 aril. 



Order 4. Papaveraceae. Herbaceous plants ; 

 stems with milky juice; leaves alternate, without 

 stipules; flowers regular; sepals 2, soon falling; 

 petals 4; stamens indefinite, distinct; stigmas 

 simple or lobed, sessile; ovary syncarpous, free, 

 i-locular; ovules numerous, on parietal placentae; 

 fruit a capsule; seeds albuminous. 



Order 5. Fumariaceae. Herbaceous plants, 

 slender, often climbing; leaves alternate, pinnatifid 

 with no stipules; flowers irregular; sepals 2, soon 

 falling or wanting; petals 4, one or more spurred 

 below; stamens 2, 3-partite, lateral i -celled; stigma 

 with one or more points; ovary i-celled, syncar- 

 pous, free; ovules on 2 parietal placentas or i basal 

 ovule; fruit a capsule or nut; seeds albuminous. 



Order 6. Cruciferae. Herbaceous plants; leaves 

 alternate, with no stipules; flowers regular; sepals 

 4; petals 4, cruciform; stamens 6 (4 long-, 2 

 short) or 4; stigmas 2, alternate with the pla- 

 centae; ovary syncarpous; 2 carpels with dividing 

 septum which unites the 2 parietal placentae; 

 valves opposite shorter stamens; fruit a siliqua or 

 silicule, usually dehiscent. 



Order 7. Resedaceae. Herbaceous plants; 

 flowers irregular; sepals 4-8, persistent; petals 

 4-8, entire or lobed; stamens indefinite (10-24), 

 seated on a i-sided hypogynous disk; ovary syn- 

 carpous, i-locular, 3- or 6-lobed ; ovules many on 

 3-6 parietal placentae; fruit, a capsule. 



Order 8. Cistaceae. Herbaceous plants or 

 undershrubs; leaves opposite, entire; stipules small, 

 or wanting; flowers regular, sepals 5, outer 2 

 smaller, or wanting; petals 5, crumpled in bud, 

 falling; stamens numerous; stigmas 3; style 

 simple; ovary syncarpous, 3-carpellary, i-locular; 

 fruit a capsule, 3-, 5-, or lo-valved. 



Order 9. Violaceae. Herbaceous plants; leaves 

 alternate, with persistent stipules; flowers irre- 

 gular; sepals 5, overlapping; petals 5, irregular, 

 lower spurred; stamens 5, filaments swollen, con- 

 nective membranous; stigma hooded; ovary syn- 

 carpous, 3-carpellary, i-locular; ovules many, on 

 3 parietal placentae; fruit a capsule, 3-valved. 



Order 10. Polygalaceae. Herbaceous plants; 

 leaves simple, alternate, without stipules; flowers 

 irregular, in racemes; sepals 5, irregular, over- 

 lapping; 2 interior, larger, petaloid; petals 3, 

 unequal, i larger, anterior, united to staminal 

 tube; stamens 8, united below in 2 equal bundles; 

 anthers i -celled, opening by apical pores; style i ; 

 ovary syncarpous, 2-carpellary, 2-locular; ovules 

 solitary on axile placentas; fruit a capsule; seeds 

 pendulous, enclosed in an aril below. 



Order n. Frankeniaceae. Herbaceous, pros- 

 trate plants; leaves small, slender, opposite 



