WOODS AND COPSES 



47 



habit, with drooping", clustered branches. The 

 leaves are folded upon each other lengthwise in 

 bud, elliptic, lance-shaped, smooth, finely doubly- 

 toothed, unequally heart-shaped below, downy in 

 the axils of the veins. The stipules are awl-like, 

 linear, glandular, toothed. The flowers are white, 

 erect, then drooping", in long" drooping racemes in 

 the axils, or terminal, and appear after the leaves. 

 The flower-stalks are erect in fruit. The fruit is 

 round, or oblong, egg-shaped, black, bitter. The 

 nut or stone is wrinkled, rounded. The tree is 

 10-25 ft. in height. It is in flower in May and 

 June, and deciduous. 



Willow-leaved Spiraea (Spircea salicifolia, L.). 

 This plant is an alien in this country and not 

 indigenous, growing in plantations and hedges. 

 It multiplies freely by stolons. The habit is shrub- 

 like. The branches are smooth, round, straight. 

 The leaves are lance-shaped, oblong, unequally 

 toothed, smooth. There are no stipules. The 

 flowers are pink or flesh-coloured, in compound, 

 erect, dense, terminal racemes, nearly cylindrical. 

 The petals are not so long as the stamens, which 

 project. The carpels are smooth, and contain 

 many ovules. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, and 

 flowers in July and August, and is a deciduous 

 shrub. 



Raspberry (Rubus Idceus, L.). The habitat of 

 this plant is woods and thickets. The habit is 

 shrubby. The stem produces numerous suckers, 

 and is erect, with many prickles, round. The leaves 

 have lobes each side of a common stalk, with 3-5 

 leaflets, stalkless, coarsely toothed, egg-shaped, 

 with a long point, hoary-white below. The flowers 

 are drooping. The petals are white, short. The 

 red or amber drupes fall when ripe. The Rasp- 

 berry is 4-6 ft. in height, and flowers from June to 

 August, being a deciduous shrub. 



Rubns Jissus, L. This shrub is a native species 

 found in sunny spots and wet places. The habit 

 is shrub-like, erect or arched. The stem bears 

 many slender awl-like scattered prickles, from an 

 oblong, slightly -dilated base. The leaves are 

 folded, hairy below. The basal leaflets are stalk- 

 less. The stamens and style nearly equal each 

 other. The fruiting calyx is erect to right-angled. 

 The fruit is dark-red. The height is 1-2 ft. The 

 plant flowers from June to August, and is a decid- 

 uous shrub. 



Rubus nessensis, W. Hall = suberechis, And. 

 The habitat of this shrub is wet thickets, boggy 

 woods, and heaths. The habit is shrub-like, the 

 stem erect. The leaflets are pale-green, nearly 

 smooth, flexible, flat, those at the base nearly 

 stalkless, the upper ones narrow below. There 

 are few, short prickles, conical, with a long base, 

 at the angles, or absent. The pale stamens are 

 longer than the style. The sepals are bent back. 

 The fruit is dark-red. The plant is 3-6 ft. high, 

 flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous 

 shrub. 



Kubus sulcatus, Vest. The habitat of this plant 

 is wood borders. The habit is shrub-like, the stem 

 suberect, the plant luxuriant. The stem is fur- 

 rowed. The leaves are 5-lobed. The leaflets are 



large, distant, the basal ones stalked, the terminal 

 long-stalked, with a long point, oval. The panicle 

 is long, loose, in a raceme, and handsome. The 

 stamens at first exceed the style. The fruiting 

 sepals are turned back. The fruit is remarkably 

 long. 



Rubus plicatus, Wh. & N. This Rubus is a 

 native species, found in woods, heaths, and moors. 

 The habit is shrubby. The stem is suberect. The 

 leaflets are plaited, softly hairy below, coarsely 

 toothed, the terminal leaflet egg-shaped, heart- 

 shaped, with a short point, the basal one nearly 

 stalkless. The lateral leaflets of the flowering 

 shoot are rhomboidal, egg-shaped, enlarged at 

 the base. The panicle is rather short, more or 

 less a raceme. The stamens and style are of about 

 the same length. The fruiting sepals are more or 

 less at right angles. The plant is 4 ft. in height, 

 flowering in June and July, and is a deciduous 

 shrub. 



Rubus nitidus, Wh. & N. The habitat of this 

 plant is thickets, heaths, and stream sides. The 

 habit is shrub-like. The stem is suberect, rooting. 

 The leaves are shining (like the calyx). The ma- 

 ture leaves are flat, the leaflets bright-green, thinly 

 hairy on the prominent nerves below, the terminal 

 oval, oblong, acute, the basal shortly -stalked. 

 The prickles are numerous, long, slender, crowded, 

 straight, or hooked, especially on the panicle. The 

 panicle bears many small cup-like flowers. The 

 stamens are longer than the style. 



Rubus affinis, Wh. & N. The habitat of this 

 species is open woods, sandy commons, and heaths. 

 The habit is shrub-like, the stem suberect or 

 arched, not rooting, very tall. The prickles are 

 long and narrow. The leaves are thick, over- 

 lapping, wavy at the end, grey, silky below. The 

 terminal leaflet is egg-shaped, cordate, with a 

 long point, those of the flowering shoot narrowed 

 below. The panicle bears cymose branches, and 

 is armed with long, slender prickles. The flowers 

 are large and cup-like. The sepals are bent back. 

 The plant is very tall, flowering in July and August, 

 and is a deciduous shrub. 



Rubus cariensis, Genev. This species is locally 

 abundant in the west, especially in N. Devon. 

 The habit is shrub-like, suberect, high-arching, 

 the plant very dark purple. The leaves are very 

 large, deeply cut, with an ash-coloured felt, or 

 softly hairy below, the terminal one oblong, 

 oval, with a long narrow point. The panicle is 

 dense, compound, cylindrical, very strong. The 

 sepals have an ash -coloured felt. The bracts 

 and flower-stalks have occasionally a few, short- 

 stalked glands. 



Rubus holerythros, Focke. The habitat of this 

 species is sandy commons and wood borders. 

 The plant has the shrub habit, growing in clumps, 

 arched, the stem lustrous, the leaves very large, 

 greyish, softly hairy below. The leaflets are wide- 

 spreading, with even, scalloped, bluntly-pointed 

 teeth, soft and pale below at first. The panicle is 

 a raceme above, with very showy flowers on long 

 stalks. The petals are very large, and pink. The 

 stamens, which are long, and the style, are also 



