WOODS AND COPSES 



61 



ing racemes, loose, woolly, without glands, a 

 separate flower-stalk for each, the bracts awl-like, 

 not so long. The calyx is downy, bell-shaped, 

 glandular. The petals are small. The berry is 

 large, round, black. The plant is 3-5 ft. in height, 

 flowering in April and May, and is a deciduous 

 shrub. 



ORDER CRASSULACE^E 



Orpine (Sedutri fabaria, Koch = purpureum, 

 L.). The habitat of this plant is copses, stony 

 hedgebanks, and thickets. The habit is the rosette 

 habit. The fleshy leaves check transpiration, and 

 the succulent tissue is adapted to drought. The 

 leaves are wedge-shaped at the base, and the stalks 

 are very short. The leaves are toothed, oblong, 

 lance-shaped. The plant is more slender than S. 

 Telephium (see Volume V, Section XII). The 

 flowers are purple, in a dense corymb, the petals 

 are spreading. The carpels are not furrowed. 

 The plant is 6-24 in. in height. It flowers in 

 August, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER ONAGRACE^ 



Rose Willow Herb (Epilobium roseum, Schreb.). 

 The habitat of the plant is copses, wet or moist 

 places, brook sides. The habit is erect. The 

 stem is much -branched, brittle, with autumnal 

 stolons, with loosely rosulate leaves in a rosette. 

 The stem is smooth when young, with woolly 

 hairs later, and small, spreading, jointed hairs 

 above. The stems are square-stalked, with 2-4 

 raised lines, and the wings give strength and 

 conduct moisture. The leaves are long-stalked, 

 alternate, egg-shaped, oblong, narrow above and 

 below, smooth, toothed. The veins are prominent, 

 The buds are nodding, with a narrow, long point. 

 The flowers are numerous, rose-coloured. The 

 calyx has lance-shaped sepals with a long, narrow 

 point. The capsule is downy. The stigma is 

 entire or slightly lobed. The seeds are inversely 

 egg-shaped, oblong, the base rounded. The plant 

 is 9-24 in. high, and flowers in July and August, 

 being a herbaceous perennial. 



Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade (Circcea al- 

 pina, L.). The habitat of the plant is woods and 

 thickets in hilly districts, shady places. The habit 

 is erect. The plant is smaller and less hairy than 

 the common Enchanter's Nightshade. The plant 

 is usually hairless. The leaves are opposite, 

 shining, deeply toothed, heart-shaped, with a long, 

 narrow point, the margin wavy, toothed. The 

 leaf-stalks are longer and winged, flat, the wings 

 membranous. The bracteoles are bristle-like. 

 The flowers are pinkish-white. The petals are 

 divided nearly to the base, shorter than the mem- 

 branous sepals, with oblong lobes, narrow below, 

 the calyx hairless. The fruit soon falls. The 

 ovary is i-celled. The plant is 6-18 in. in height, 

 flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous 

 perennial. 



ORDER UMBELLIFER^E 



Astrantia (Astrantia ma/or, L.). The habitat 

 of the plant is woods in hilly districts. The habit 



is the rosette habit. The radical leaves are 5-7- 

 divided, palmate, the lobes egg-shaped, lance- 

 shaped, toothed, the teeth bristle-pointed. The 

 leaf-stalk is long. The flowers are pinkish-white. 

 The involucre equals the umbel, and is silvery 

 or straw-coloured, the bracts egg-shaped, lance- 

 shaped, netted, white below, dark-green, tinged 

 with pink, toothed. The flower-stalks are thread- 

 like. The calyx teeth are longer than the petals 

 and egg-shaped, lance-shaped, narrowed to an 

 acute point. The fruit is egg-shaped, the car- 

 pels flattened, ribbed, furrowed. The styles are 

 spreading. The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, and 

 flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous 

 perennial. 



Bladder Seed (Danaa (Physospermuni) cornubi- 

 ense, Burnat). The habitat of this plant is thickets, 

 oak coppices. The habit is the rosette habit. 

 The stem is smooth, erect, round, furrowed, with 

 panicled branches, the radical leaves on long 

 stalks, flat, 2-3 ternate, the segments wedge- 

 shaped, deeply divided into narrow lobes, long- 

 stalked. The stem -leaves are in threes, lance- 

 shaped, entire. The flowers are white. The 

 umbels are on long stalks with rays of 10-20, 

 nearly erect, furrowed, terminal, and axillary. 

 The fruit is bladdery, in pairs. The carpels are not 

 so broad as long, furrowed, the seeds loose. The 

 plant is 1-3 ft. high. It flowers in July and August, 

 and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Milk Parsley (Selinum Carvifolia, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is moist copses and marshes. 

 The plant has the pyramidal habit like Daucus 

 Carota. The stem is angular, furrowed, with 

 winged ridges, nearly smooth. The leaves are 

 thrice pinnate. The leaflets are egg-shaped, the 

 lower deeply divided to the base, the segments 

 lance-shaped, linear, with a blunt point, toothed, 

 or entire, with thickened margins. The leaf- 

 stalk is long and slender. The flowers are white 

 in flat-topped umbels, of 10-20 rough rays, the 

 few bracts awl-like, the partial bracts or bracte- 

 oles numerous. The styles are slender and bent 

 back. The fruit has the lateral ridges winged 

 and spreading. The plant is 1-3 ft. in height. 

 It is in flower in July and August, and is a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



ORDER CAPRIFOLIACE^E 



Guelder Rose ( Viburnum Opulus, L.). The 

 . habitat of this plant is wet wood^, copses, thickets, 

 and hedges. The habit is the tree or shrub habit. 

 The branches are square when young, slender. 

 The buds are scaly. The leaves are delicate, 

 smooth above, downy below, protected by the 

 lower leaves in bud, which are leathery and folded 

 up in bud, so that they are lobed, with linear 

 glandular stipules at the base. The leaf-stalks 

 bear honey-secreting hollows, attractive to wasps, 

 which prevent the leaves being eaten by larvae. 

 The plant has a peculiar odour in the evening. 

 The leaves are 3-5 lobed, with a long narrow 

 point, the lobes toothed, unequal. The flowers are 

 white in a large rounded cyme with linear bracts, 



