ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 





is hemispherical. The phyllaries are blunt, linear. 

 The ligules are short and broad. The bracts have 

 a membranous border, broad, ribbed, downy. The 

 fruit is crowned with a short, jagged membrane, 

 the disk cup-shaped. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, 

 flowering- from July to September, and is a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



Mugwort (Artemisia -uulgaris, L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is hedges, hedgebanks, waste 

 places. The habit is erect, pyramidal. The plant 

 is strong-scented. The stem is reddish, angled, 

 grooved, branched, leafy. The leaves are broad, 

 woolly, white below, dark-green above, deeply 

 divided nearly to the base, the lobes broad, lance- 

 shaped, long and narrow-pointed, cut and toothed, 

 acute, the margins bent back. The leaf-stalk is 

 auricled. The flowerheads are few, reddish, or 

 yellowish-brown, or creamy-white, crowded, in 

 short, erect panicles, egg-shaped, leafy, simple. 

 The receptacle is hairless. The corollas of the 

 ray florets are cylindrical, slender. The phyllaries 

 are woolly. The plant is 1-4 ft. high, flowering 

 from July to September, and is a herbaceous per- 

 ennial. 



Welted Thistle (Carduus crispus, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, waysides, dry 

 banks, and waste places. The habit is erect. 

 The stem is winged, the wings narrowed, wavy, 

 cottony or downy above, the branches ascending. 

 The leaves run down the stem below, are fringed 

 with spines which serve as a protection, lance- 

 shaped, cottony below or hairless, deeply divided 

 nearly to the base, the lobes divided into 3 nearly 

 to the base, toothed. The flowerheads are round, 

 clustered, small, erect, the florets purple or white. 

 The flower-stalks are leafy. The involucre is 

 webbed, egg-shaped, the phyllaries linear, awl- 

 like, erect or ascending, slender, not contracted 

 above the base. The fruit is pale, shining, fur- 

 rowed. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from 

 June to August, and is a herbaceous biennial or 

 annual. 



Hawkweed Oxtongue (Picris hieracioides, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is dry banks, hedge- 

 banks, dry sunny places, waste places on a stiff 

 soil. The habit is erect. The plant is hairy with 

 short, stiff, straight, curly or hooked hairs. The 

 stem has irregularly spreading branches, and is 

 stout and rough. The leaves are linear -lance- 

 shaped, wavy, toothed, narrow, the lower stalked, 

 the upper clasping. The flowerheads form a 

 corymb, and are solitary, terminal, on the stem 

 and branches. The flower-stalks bear bracts. 

 The florets are yellow. The outer phyllaries are 

 narrow, loose, oblong, smooth at the border, with 

 a bristly keel, and the involucre more or less bell- 

 shaped. The fruit is not beaked, the pappus 

 whitish. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering 

 between July and September. It is a herbaceous 

 biennial. 



Oxtongue (Picris echioides, L.). The habitat 

 of this species is hedges, pathways, hedgebanks, 

 ditches, borders of fields, and waste places on a 

 stiff soil. The habit is as in the last. The stem 

 is erect, branched, stout, hairy, the bristles 3-fid, 



rigid, hooked, and tuberculate at the base. The 

 radical leaves are stalked, wavy, toothed, the upper 

 heart-shaped, clasping, oblong, lance-shaped. 

 The flowerheads are large, the florets yellow. 

 The flower-stalks are stout, stiff, enlarged, spread- 

 ing, naked. The involucre is hemispherical, 

 bristly. The outer bracts are leaflike, heart- 

 shaped, the inner long, narrow -pointed. The 

 ligules are short. The fruit is shortly, narrowly 

 beaked, reddish-brown, angular. The pappus is 

 snowy-white. The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering 

 between June and October, and is a herbaceous 

 annual. 



Hieracium surrejanum, F. J. Hanb. The habitat 

 of this species is sandy hedgebanks. The stem is 

 usually simple, finely furrowed, reddish, hairy below, 

 woolly-felted, stiffly hairy above. The earlier radi- 

 cal leaves are not persistent, oblong to elliptic, the 

 later broad to egg-shaped, blunt, narrowed below, 

 toothed, the inner egg-shaped to lance-shaped, blunt, 

 wedge-shaped below, purplish, stiffly hairy below 

 and on the border. The stem-leaves are 2-5, the 

 lower stalked, egg-shaped, oblong to lance-shaped, 

 the upper blunt, narrowed to the nearly stalkless 

 base, toothed. The panicle has 1-2, erect, spread- 

 ing, 2-3-flowered branches in a corymb, the upper 

 arching, exceeding the acladium. The 3-7 heads 

 are broad, egg-shaped. The flower-stalks are 

 woolly-felted, hairy, glandular. The phyllaries 

 are dark, the outer linear, acute, the inner broader, 

 lance-shaped to oblong, narrow above, blunt, with 

 a pale border, woolly-felted, glandular, hairy. 

 The ligules are hairless. The styles are yellow. 

 The plant is 1-2 ft. in height, flowering in June, 

 and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Acrid Lettuce (Lactuca vtrosa, L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is hedgebanks, dry banks, and 

 waste places. The habit is erect. The stem is 

 leafy, branched above, panicled, rough. The 

 plant is bluish-green, full of milky acrid juice, 

 which serves to protect it. The leaves are spread- 

 ing, the radical leaves inversely egg-shaped, 

 oblong, toothed, wavy, stalked, with black spots, 

 the stem-leaves clasping, with auricles, pointing 

 downwards, hardly narrowed below. The flower- 

 heads are pale-yellow, scattered, with few, green, 

 red -tipped, acute, heart-shaped bracts, rarely 

 with the lobes pointing backwards. The panicle 

 branches are long-spreading. The flower-stalks 

 are slender and bear bracts. The involucre is 

 narrow, conical. The fruits are black, beaked, 

 the beak as long as the fruit, with a cellular wing, 

 and ribbed faces. The pappus is white, slender. 

 The plant is 2-4 ft. high, flowering in July and 

 August, and is a herbaceous biennial. 



ORDER BORAGINACE/E 



Gromwell (Lithospermum officinale, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is hedgebanks, woods, 

 thickets, copses, dry and stony places. The habit 

 is erect. The rootstock is woody, stout, whitish. 

 The stems are tall, numerous, branched, rough, 

 the hairs tuberculate at the base, leafy. The 

 leaves are rough, green above, paler below, 



