ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 



right, a revolution taking 2 hours. It is 4-12 ft. 

 high, flowering from July to September, and is a 

 herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER SALICACE.E 



Black Poplar (Populus nigra, L.). The so-called 

 Populus nigra has recently been found to have 

 been generally confounded with the Canadian 

 Black Poplar, which is extensively planted in this 

 country (Populus moniliferd). The latter has the 

 leaves broadly triangular, and greyish-green. The 

 trunk is much smoother, the branches curve up- 

 wards. The leaf-buds are sticky. The catkins 

 are loose. In the true P. nigra the leaves are tri- 

 angular with a long point, smooth below, and 

 yellowish-green. The young buds are sticky. The 

 branches spread horizontally. The trunk has 

 rough bosses. The style is 2-lobed at the apex. 

 The catkins are loose. The habitat is hedgerows. 

 The tree grows to a height of 60-90 ft., and flowers 

 in April and May. 



ORDER LILIACE^E 



Field Garlic (Allium oleraceum, L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is borders of fields and waysides. 

 The habit is as in the last. The stem is leafy 

 below. The leaves are almost flat, channelled, 

 keeled below, the ribs rough, fleshy, thick, and 

 solid. The scape is cylindrical half-way up, 

 sheathed by the leaves, and slender. There are 2 

 spathes, unequal, with a slender beak. The um- 

 belled head is loose, with bulbils, the flower-stalk 

 wavy, spreading. The perianth is bell-shaped, 

 with blunt segments, pale-brown or greenish-pink. 

 The stamens are as long as the perianth, or 

 shorter, or included. The anther-stalks are awl- 

 shaped, united below for a short distance. The 

 Field Garlic is 10-18 in. in height. It flowers late 

 in July and August, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Garlic (Allium carinatum, L.). The habitat of 

 this plant is banks, &c. The habit is of the usual 

 garlic type, lily-like or grass-like. The stem is 

 leafy below, the leaves furrowed with 3-5 furrows 

 below, linear, flat above, sheathing the scape, 

 which is cylindrical to the middle, erect. The 

 scape is umbelled, bearing few, if any, bulbils, and 

 there are 2 spathes, with unequal long beaks. The 

 perianth-segments are blunt, the flowers rose- 

 coloured. The stamens project, being twice as 

 long as the perianth -segments when ripe. The 

 plant is 6-15 in. in height. It flowers in July and 

 August. The plant is a herbaceous perennial. 



Narrow-leaved Ramsons (Allium triquetrum, 

 L.). The habitat of this plant is hedgebanks and 

 meadows. The habit is lily-like. The bulb is 

 egg-shaped, small. The stem is 3-sided. The 



leaves are radical, linear, flat, sharply keeled, bent 

 back, or the margin rolled back, angularly folded, 

 acute. The scape is 3-sided. The spathe is 2- 

 valved, lance-shaped. The head is loose-flowered. 

 The perianth is bell-shaped. The segments with 

 a green midrib are linear-oblong, the stalks 

 curved, the tip club-shaped. The flowers are 

 drooping, white, arranged one side of the stalk, 

 without bulbils. The stamens are short, half as 

 long as the perianth, free, and included, the anther- 

 stalks slender. The stigmas are distinct, thread- 

 like. The plant is 6-18 in. high, flowering in April 

 till June, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER ARACE/E 



Arum (Arum italicum, L.). The habitat of this 

 plant is banks in the south-east of England. The 

 habit is like that of Cuckoo-pint. It is larger and 

 stouter than the latter. The leaves are yellow, veined, 

 dark-green, more triangular, with spreading lobes, 

 blunt, appear before the winter, and are all radical. 

 The leaf-stalk is longer than the limb. The spathe, 

 swollen below, nearly flat, broad above, falls over 

 as soon as it expands, closing the opening like a 

 flap, and is three times the length of the spadix, 

 which is club-shaped and yellow. The pistillodes 

 or functionless pistils are long above and below 

 the stamens. The berries are longer and the 

 seeds larger than in the Cuckoo-pint. The plant 

 evolves greater heat than the temperature of the 

 surrounding atmosphere, the spathe being at 40- 

 44 C. when the atmosphere is i5C. The plant is 

 6-i2 in. high, and flowers in May and June, being 

 a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER GRAMINACE.S 



Meadow Brome Grass (Bromus mo/lis, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is roadsides, fields, 

 and waste places, &c. The plant has the grass 

 habit. The plant is softly downy (hence mollis). 

 The stems are rounded. The leaves are broad, 

 soft, with rough edges. The sheaths are round,- 

 softly hairy. The ligule is short. The flowers 

 are in an erect or nodding, rigid, egg-shaped 

 panicle, close, branched, nearly simple. The 

 spikelets are flattened at the border, egg-shaped, 

 oblong, with conical tips, downy. The empty 

 glumes are egg-shaped, acute, with strong nerves. 

 The florets are closely overlapping as long as 

 the straight awn. The flowering glumes are 

 6-10, downy, falling, broadly and bluntly angled 

 above the middle, opaque. The top of the upper 

 glume is half-way to the top of the sixth floret. 

 The anthers are three times as long as broad. 

 The plant is 1-3 ft. high, flowering from May to 

 August, and is a herbaceous annual. 



