WASTE PLACES, ETC. 



125 



colour. The radical leaves are pinnately 3-5-lobed, 

 or divided nearly to the base, spinous, stalked, the 

 stem-leaves clasping, twice pinnatifid. The leaf- 

 stalks are thick, more or less round, channelled. 

 The petals are purplish or white, the phyllaries 

 lance-shaped, spinous, longer than the heads, the 

 scales of the receptacle entire. The plant is i- 

 2 ft. high, flowering in July and August, and is a 

 herbaceous biennial. 



Alexanders (Smyrnium Olusatrum, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is waste places near the sea, 

 ruins ; and near the sea (as in Norfolk) it is locally 

 abundant. The stem is round, solid, furrowed, 

 leafy, branched, forming a panicle above, with 

 opposite branches. The stem-leaves are stalked, 

 trifoliate, coarsely toothed. The radical leaves 

 are large, 3~4-ternate. There are membranous 

 sheaths, with hairy margins. The leaflets are 

 ovate, shining, cut, coarsely toothed. The flowers 

 are greenish -yellow, in lateral and terminal, 

 rounded, dense umbels. The rays are few or 

 many, long or short. The fruit is black or dark- 

 brown, with ridges, aromatic. The plant is 3- 

 4 ft. high, flowering from April to June, and is a 

 herbaceous perennial. 



Hare's Ear (Bupleurum rotundifolium, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is chalky fields and culti- 

 vated ground and waste places. The habit is 

 erect, the stems simple or branched above, hollow. 

 The leaves are perfoliate or united around the 

 stem, oval, acute, and the bract is oval, and united 

 below. There is no general involucre. The 

 florets are yellow. The partial involucre is con- 

 verging. The fruit is not granulate, without 

 vittae, the ridges slender, with finely furrowed 

 interstices. The plant is 8 in. to i\ ft. in height, 

 and flowers in June and July, being a herbaceous 

 annual. 



Sickle Hare's Ear (Bupleurum falcatum, L.). 

 This is an alien, and found in hedgerows by road- 

 sides and in fields. The habit is similar to the 

 last, the stem slender, hollow, erect, simple or 

 branched, the leaves with parallel nerves lance- 

 shaped, the lower elliptical, and on long stalks, 

 the upper linear, half -clasping, and bent back. 

 The florets are small, yellow. The five bracts are 

 lance-shaped, linear, and as long as the florets. 

 The fruit is narrow with prominent ridges, and 

 not granulate. The plant is 1-4 ft. in height, 

 flowering in August, and is perennial. 



Caraway (Carum Carvt, L.). The habitat of 

 this plant is usually waste places. The habit is 

 erect. The stem is branched, slender, finely fur- 

 rowed, hollow. The root is spindle-shaped. The 

 leaves are narrow, triangular, linear to oblong, 

 bipinnate, the leaflets cut, linear, the pinnules 

 opposite, the lobes narrow-pointed. The flowers 

 are white, in irregular umbels, on slender stalks, 

 with no partial involucre, and the general invo- 

 lucre may be reduced to i leaf, or absent. The 

 carpels are aromatic, oblong, with short ridges. 

 The styles are spreading. The plant is 1-2 ft. 

 high, flowering in June and July, and is a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



Common Parsley (Carum petroselinurn, Benth. & 



Hook. = Petroselinurn sativum, Hoffm. = F. vul- 

 gare, Lam.). The habitat of this plant is garden 

 rubbish, cliffs, rocks and old walls, banks, road- 

 sides, waste places. The plant is erect in habit, 

 hairless, shining. The stems are much-branched, 

 round, finely -furrowed, solid. The leaves are 

 greenish, shining, triangular, tripinnate, with 

 many, more or less stalkless leaflets, those of the 

 lower leaves ovate to wedge-shaped, divided into 

 three nearly to the base, toothed, those of the 

 upper leaves ternate, lance-shaped, entire. The 

 flowers are white or yellow, in regular, flat-topped 

 umbels. The partial involucre is slender. The 

 rays are numerous. There are 2-3 bracts, often 

 divided, and many bracteoles. The fruit is ovoid, 

 green. The slender styles are bent back. The 

 plant is 9-18 in. high, flowering from June to 

 August, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



Garden Chervil (Anthriscus Cere/oiium, Hoffm. 

 = Cerejolium sativum, Bess.). The habitat of 

 this plant is waste places, waysides, roadsides, 

 rubbish-heaps. The habit is erect. The stem is 

 hairy above the nodes only. The leaves are tri- 

 pinnate, the leaflets are ovate, pinnatifid. The 

 flowers are in stalkless, lateral umbels, with a 

 leaf opposite. The fruit is very narrow, linear, 

 smooth, twice as long as the beak. The plant is 

 -ij ft. high, flowering from May to July, and is a 

 herbaceous annual. 



Coriander (Coriandrum sativum^ L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is waste places. The habit is 

 erect. The stem is slender, leafy, hollow, round. 

 The leaves are triangular, bipinnate, cut, the seg- 

 ments broad, round, wedge-shaped, ovate, scal- 

 loped, lobed, the upper leaves with more linear 

 segments, fleshy, loose. The leaves are mem- 

 branous. The flowers are white, small, very 

 irregular, in an umbel, which is stalked, of 5-10 

 rays. The bracteoles are short, linear, acute. 

 The carpels cohere. The styles are slender, wavy. 

 The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in June and 

 July, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER CAPRIFOLIACE/E 



Dwarf Elder or Danewort (Sambucus Ebulus, 

 L.). The habitat of this species is waste places 

 near villages, roadsides, field borders. It has the 

 shrub habit, but is herbaceous. The rootstock 

 is creeping. The stems are furrowed, numerous, 

 ribbed, and grooved. The leaves are pinnate. 

 The leaflets are oblong to lance-shaped, coarsely 

 toothed. The stipules are leafy, coarsely toothed. 

 The flowers are white, red outside, in terminal, 

 compact cymes, with three main branches. The 

 corolla is broadly bell-shaped. The anther-stalks 

 are crumpled, the anthers purple. The fruit is a 

 round berry, reddish-black. The plant is 2-3 ft. 

 high, flowering in July and August, and is a 

 herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER VALERIANACEJE 



Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr. The habitat of 

 this species is waste places as well as walls. The 



