WASTE PLACES, ETC. 



127 



mainly nodding 1 , and these and the branches have 

 scattered small heads. The radical leaves are 

 coarsely toothed, the leaf- stalks are hollow, 

 slightly angular, nearly round, hardly furrowed. 

 The flowerheads are purple, in racemes, short- 

 stalked, more or less stalkless, cottony, globular, 

 a little narrowed at the mouth in fruit, greenish, 

 slightly webbed, not umbilicate. The phyllaries 

 are not so long- as the florets, awl - like, the 

 inner row as long as the rest, gradually awl-like, 

 the subcylindrical part of the floret as long as 

 the lower part. The achenes are brown with 

 black blotches. The plant is 2-3 ft. high, flower- 

 ing in July and August, and is a herbaceous 

 biennial. 



Star-thistle (Centaurea Calcitrapa, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is dry waste places, gravelly 

 and sandy places. The habit is erect. The plant 

 is rigid. The stems are furrowed, cottony or 

 smooth, with leafy branches, spreading, stout. 

 The leaves are deeply divided nearly to the base, 

 the lobes curved back, cristate, distant, slender, 

 those of the radical leaves lance-shaped, toothed, 

 of the stem-leaves, linear. The flowerheads are 

 rose-purple, lateral, stalkless, or at the end of 

 leafy branches, solitary. The phyllaries are 

 smooth, palmately spinose, the central spine 

 strong, channelled, yellow, the inner ones with a 

 membranous, blunt appendage, long-spreading-, 

 with a few smaller ones at the base. The achenes 

 are white or mottled brown. There is no pappus. 

 The plant is 6-24 in. high, flowering in July and 

 August, and the plant is a biennial or annual. 



Crepis setosa, Hall, f. In the British Isles this 

 species is a casual in clover fields. The plant is 

 stiffly hairy. The habit is erect. The stem is 

 branched from below, angled, furrowed, leafy. 

 The leaves are runcinate, toothed, or lyrate to runci- 

 nate, deeply divided to the base. The stem-leaves 

 are clasping, arrow-shaped, strap-shaped, entire 

 or cut or toothed below, large. The buds are 

 erect. Tho flowerheads are yellow, bell-shaped, 

 on slender not thickened stalks, covered with stiff 

 bristles at the top. The involucre is narrowed in 

 fruit, the inner not so long as the pappus, linear, 

 hardening. The phyllaries are prickly, rigid, 

 slender, keeled, the outer awl -like, spreading. 

 The phyllaries are covered with rigid, simple, stiff 

 bristles. The achenes are slender, with long 

 beaks. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering in 

 July and August, and is a herbaceous biennial. 



Rough Hawksbeard (Crepis biennis, L.). The 

 habitat of this plant is dry pastures, and chalky 

 places, waste places, and cultivated ground. The 

 habit is erect. The plant is tall, with a stout, 

 furrowed stem, roughly hairy. The radical leaves 

 are divided nearly to the base, with the lobes bent 

 backwards, and larger towards the extremity. 

 The stem -leaves are stalkless, simple, lance- 

 shaped. The flowers are yellow, the heads large, 

 the outer phyllaries loose, with a white edge, 

 oblong linear, in the inner downy within. The 

 silky pappus is white, and less than the fruit, 

 which is reddish-brown, and has prominent ribs. 

 The plant is 2-3 ft. high, and is in flower in July 



and August. As the Latin specific name implies, 

 the plant is biennial. 



Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca Scariola, L. = Z. 

 Serriola, L.). The habitat of this plant is waste 

 ground. The habit is erect. The juice is very 

 acrid. The plant is rather rough below only. 

 The branches are erect. The upper leaves are 

 erect, arrow-shaped below, clasping, the auricle 

 acute, spreading, wavy, runcinate. The radical 

 leaves are inversely ovate to oblong, wavy, 

 toothed, or runcinate. The flowerheads are yel- 

 low, scattered in a panicle, with long spreading 

 branches. The phyllaries are heart-shaped, acute, 

 smooth, juicy, tense. The fruit is grey, pale, with 

 a beak the same length. The plant is 3-5 ft. high, 

 flowering in July and August, and is a herbaceous 

 perennial. 



Least Lettuce (Lactuca saligna, L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is waste ground, especially near 

 the sea, shingle, or chalky places. The habit is 

 erect. The plant is devoid of hairs, slender, not 

 so bristly as in L. virosa. The stem is wavy, 

 with few branches. The upper leaves are entire, 

 narrow-pointed, arrow-shaped below, clasping, 

 the auricles spreading, acute. The radical leaves 

 are deeply divided nearly to the base. The 

 flowerheads are yellow, the panicle having short, 

 erect branches, more or less spike-like, in alter- 

 nate tufts, or long clusters. The fruit is grey, the 

 beak twice as long as the fruit. The plant is 

 i-i ft. high, flowering in July and August, and 

 is a herbaceous perennial. 



Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus, L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is fields and waste places. The 

 habit is erect. The stem is branched, grooved, 

 tubular. The leaves are flat, lance-shaped, half- 

 clasping, the lower stalked (or stalkless), with 

 acute teeth, entire or deeply divided to the base, 

 the auricles spear-shaped, bluish -green below, 

 lobed, with spinous teeth. The flowerheads are 

 pale yellow, in a sort of umbel, smooth, rarely 

 glandular, crowded, the flower-stalk cottony some- 

 times. The fruit is pale brown, transversely rough, 

 and ribbed longitudinally, not beaked. The pappus 

 is not stalked, with simple hairs. The plant is 

 1-3 ft. high, flowering from June to August, and 

 is a herbaceous annual. 



Salsify ( Tragopogon porrifolius, L.). The habi- 

 tat of this plant is wet meadows and waste places. 

 The plant has the habit of Goat's Beard, and is 

 erect, branched. The leaves are smooth, with a 

 long, narrow point, channelled, the leaf-sheaths 

 enlarged below, the leaves enlarged below, taper- 

 ing or narrowed towards the point. The flower- 

 heads are purple, in heads. The involucre exceeds 

 the florets, and the stalk is thickened above. The 

 ligule is as long as the phyllaries. The marginal 

 fruits have scale-like tubercles, especially on the 

 ribs. The plant is 1-2 ft. high, flowering from 

 May to July, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER CAMPANULACE^E 



Creeping Bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides, 

 L.). The habitat of this plant is woods, waysides, 



