BOGS AND MARSHES 



139 



a short terminal point or style. The plant is 

 o-io in. high, flowering- between June and August, 

 and is a herbaceous annual. 



Creeping Marsh Marigold (Calthcu radicans, 

 Forst.). The habitat of this species is wet sub- 

 alpine spots. The habit is creeping, the plant 

 rooting at the joints. It differs from the common 

 form C. palustris in a few essentials. The radical 

 leaves are triangular, acutely toothed, scalloped, 

 small, obscurely 5-angled, blunt below, or kidney- 

 shaped. The base of the leaf is nearly at right 

 angles to the stalk. The sepals are not touching 

 and are narrow. The height of the plant is 8-14 in. 

 It flowers between April and July, and is a herb- 

 aceous perennial. 



ORDER CRUCIFER^ 



Bitter Cress (Cardamine flexuosa, With.). The 

 habitat of this plant is moist shady places, swamps 

 in woods. The habit is the rosette habit. The 

 root is fibrous, oblique. The stem is wavy (hence 

 the specific Latin name). There are few radical 

 leaves, with lobes each side of a common stalk, 

 the lower leaflets rounded, lobed, angled, toothed. 

 The upper leaves have narrower lobes. There 

 are no stipules. The flowers are white, with 

 small erect petals, twice as long as the calyx. 

 There are 6 stamens. The style is slender, long. 

 The flower-stalks are at right angles, the pods 

 erect. The plant is 6-12 in. in height. It flowers 

 from April to September. It is perennial or bi- 

 ennial, or according to some annual, according to 

 situation. 



ORDER VIOLACE.E 



Bog Violet (Viola palustris, L.). The habitat 

 of this plant is wet and boggy places, swamps, 

 and bogs. The habit is the loose rosette habit. 

 The rootstock is stoloniferous, the stolons under- 

 ground, rooting, with stipules and leaves at the 

 nodes. The stipules are egg-shaped to lance- 

 shaped, membranous, with glandular teeth. The 

 leaves are few, heart-shaped to kidney-shaped, 

 entire, hairless, or rarely hairy. The flowers are 

 few, scentless, pale or dark lilac, with dark branch- 

 ing veins. The sepals are oval, blunt, with mem- 

 branous borders. The spur is flat, blunt, longer 

 than the calyx appendages. The anther-spurs 

 are curved, short, and thick. The stigma is 

 flattened. The capsule is hairless, nodding. The 

 fruit-stalk is erect. The plant is 3-6 in. high, 

 flowering from April to July, and is a herbaceous 

 perennial. 



Haller's Dog Violet (Viola stagnina, Kit.). 

 The habitat of this plant is bogs, fens, turf bogs. 

 The habit is the loose rosette habit, soboliferous. 

 The rootstock is creeping, horizontally, with dis- 

 tinct plants at the internodes, suberect, and 

 branched. The lower stipules are brown, narrow, 

 nearly entire, the middle ones green, lance-shaped, 

 toothed or nearly entire, not half as long as the 

 stalks, the upper shorter, narrower, long-pointed. 

 The lower leaves are oblong to lance - shaped, 

 more or less heart-shaped, blunt below, the leaf- 



stalks often irregularly winged above, longer than 

 the blades, the middle with blades longer than the 

 leaf-stalks, the upper narrowed to an acute blunt 

 apex, pale-green, hairless, cut or toothed. The 

 flowers are small, blue or nearly white, round in 

 outline, the sepals egg-shaped to awl-shaped, with 

 a white margin, the bracts slender near the curva- 

 ture of the spur. The spur is green, little longer 

 than the calycine appendages, the anther spurs 

 short, curved, nearly as broad as long. The 

 capsule is hairless, egg-shaped, acute, bluntly 3- 

 angled. The plant is 2-6 in. high, flowering in 

 May and June, and is a herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEJE 



Glaucous Stitchwort (Stellaria palustris, Retz. 

 = S. glauca, With.). The habitat of this plant is 

 marshy places. The habit is grass-like. The stem 

 is erect, weak, smooth, angular, the whole plant 

 bluish -green (hence glauca), hairless, 4 -angled. 

 The leaves are narrow, stalkless, with even 

 borders, linear-oblong to lance-shaped, acute, 

 the lower broader. The flowers are few, distant, 

 white, solitary, or in a loose, panicled cyme, or 

 in the axils. The bracts are membranous. The 

 petals are notched or divided into two, with linear 

 segments, longer than the 3-nerved, lance-shaped 

 sepals. The sepals are acute, with a broad mem- 

 branous margin. The capsule is oblong to egg- 

 shaped, as long as the calyx. The plant is 1-2 ft. 

 high, flowering from May to August, and is a 

 herbaceous perennial. 



ORDER HYPERICACE/E 



St. John's Wort (Hypericum undulatum, 

 Schousb.). The habitat of this plant is bogs. 

 The habit is erect. The stem is slender, branched, 

 4-edged. The leaves are oblong, wavy at the 

 edge (hence undulatuni), bent down, with numer- 

 ous transparent dots, netted with transparent 

 veins (as are the stem edges and sepals), with 

 black dots on the margins below, the dots numer- 

 ous and uniform. The flowers are yellow, in loose, 

 much -branched cymes. The sepals are erect, 

 egg-shaped to lance-shaped, acute, with blunt 

 scallops, glandular, with a long, fine point. The 

 petals are narrow, tinged on the outside on one 

 longitudinal half with red. The anthers have a 

 black spot. The styles are half as long as the 

 sepals, spreading, not half as long as the capsule. 

 The carpels have many vittae. The plant is 2-3 ft. 

 high, flowering in July and August, and is a 

 herbaceous perennial. 



Bog St. John's Wort (Hypericum elodes, L.). 

 The habitat of this plant is spongy bogs, wet 

 moors, and ditches. The habit is ascending or 

 creeping. The plant is shaggy, rooting below. 

 The stems are round, creeping, numerous, pros- 

 trate below, then ascending-, leafy. The leaves 

 are round to egg-shaped, or oblong to heart- 

 shaped, stalkless, shaggy, half-clasping, with 

 small pellucid to dotted glands. The flowers are 

 pale-yellow, in few-flowered terminal and axillary 



