52 



CAMP SANITATION AND HOUSING. 



kept, and hence the bunk, cook and mess houses swarm with flies. It 

 has been found that a pile of horse manure weighing 500 pounds may 

 contain about 300,000 fly maggots at the end of four days' exposure. 

 Besides, from the standpoint of economy alone, this is a poor method 

 of keeping manure, as a large portion of it is wasted by heating and 

 leaching. 



On the basis of prices charged for commercial 'fertilizers, it is esti- 

 mated that the -average value of manure annually produced by each 

 horse or mule is $27 ; by each head of cattle, $19 ; by each hog, $12, and 

 by each sheep, $2. Fifty per cent of the value of manure is lost if kept 

 as shown in Figure 40. 



Figure 41 shows a pile of manure stacked up against the side of a 



Tin cans and barrels in which water may stand, affording breeding places for 



mosquitoes. 



barn, which is about 50 feet from the kitchen, mess-house and sleeping 

 quarters. This pile of manure is not only a fly-breeding place, but 

 may cause the side of the barn to cave in, or set fire to it. 



XI. 

 Mosquitoes and Malaria. 



Mosquitoes breed in stagnant water collected in pools, irrigation 

 ditches, marshes, barrels and other receptacles left uncovered. Mos- 

 quitoes carry malaria from the infected to the non-infected, and a 

 laborer suffering from malaria, or badly bitten by other types of mos- 

 quitoes, is only half efficient. Hence it pays to eliminate the mosquito. 



1. In regions where mosquitoes are numerous, No. 16 or 18 wire mesh 

 should be used for screening the bunk houses to keep out the mosquitoes. 



2. Where tents are used for sleeping quarters in malarial regions, it 

 is recommended that the occupants use mosquito nets over their beds to 

 insure protection. 



3. If areas cf stagnant water are present about the camp, the sur- 



