92 ( 



must generally start from a certain point at the foot of the ridge. In such a case the 

 survey should always begin at the lower end. 



In the case of a trail from a creek to a saddle on the summit of a ridge, the conditions 

 are reversed, and the survey should always begin at the summit. 



Where trails are to be built up ridges, it is always preferable, if conditions permit, 

 to build up the side of the ridge rather than to make short switch-backs up the end 

 of the point. 



Some kind of a level should always be used in laying out trails; no variations from 

 an even grade should be permitted, except to avoid impassable country or excessive 

 cost of construction. If no Brunton compass or clinometer is available, a hand level 

 should be obtained. Fifteen per cent is an ideal grade for mountain country; twenty 

 per cent is too high, and ten per cent is too low for a steady climb where the maximum 

 rise is to be obtained with a minimum distance and minimum wear on horses. 



Two Forests Under One Charge 



The Coronado and Garces National Forests in south central Arizona will be com- 

 bined under one administration, with headquarters at Tucson, on September 1. 

 The two Forests will retain their present names, and Supervisor Robert J. Selkirk, 

 of the Coronado, will be in charge of both. 



Preparation of Subvouchers 



The name of the individual, firm, or corporation from which the supplies or services 

 are obtained should be entered at the top of the form. The name of the member 

 concerned should appear in the receipt only at the bottom of the form. 



Freight Charges- 

 Complaint has been made that hi some cases it is impossible to secure the charges 

 for freight shipments in advance from the shipping company's agent, as required by 

 Service Order 30. When this difficulty arises, both the memorandum bill and 

 the original should be sent to the consignee, with the request that he secure the charges 

 from the last carrier's agent and either return the memorandum bill to the consignor 

 or forward to the District Fiscal Agent, whichever may be necessary in the particular 

 case. 



Correct Use of Signatures- 

 Many Forest officers erroneously construe the instructions contained in the Field 

 Program for May, 1908, regarding the signing of property, to apply as well to ordinary 

 correspondence. Letters are often received by District Foresters from supervisors' 

 offices signed by members other than the supervisor as "per" or "for the supervisor." 

 When the supervisor is absent from his office all letters signed by the officer in charge 

 should be as "Acting Forest Supervisor." 



How to Post Forest Boundary Notices- 

 Recent field examinations have developed the fact that on a number of Forests the 

 boundary notices have been placed along the line so as to face inward toward the 

 Forest. The rangers who posted them probably believed that the notices should 

 f ace the property designated. The value of a notice so placed is lost to those entering 

 the Forest. Care should be taken to place boundary notices so that they will face 

 away from the Forest. 



