CONTENTS. 



Page. 



Purpose of the study 9 



Method of analysis '. 10 



Description of method 10 



Fractional distillation 11 



Examination of fractions 12 



Boiling point 12 



Specific gravity 13 



Index of refraction 13 



Recording data 13 



Interpretation of distillation curves 14 



Theoretical boiling point curves 14 



Fractionation by ordinary distillation 14 



Fractionation by dephlegmation '. 15 



Summary 15 



Distillation curves of a gum turpentine 15 



Distillation curves of a wood turpentine 17 



Chemical identification of dipentene 17 



Completeness of separation of constituents 18 



Comparison of fractionations by different methods 18 



Steam distillation with and without a dephlegmator 19 



Direct distillation with and without a dephlegmator 19 



Steam and direct distillation with dephlegmators 19 



Changes in composition during distillation 22 



Changes in physical properties at constant temperatures 22 



Crude wood turpentine 22 



Refined wood turpentine 23 



Changes in physical properties under fractionation 24 



Direct distillation of crude turpentine 24 



Steam distillation of crude turpentine 25 



Direct distillation of gum turpentine 25 



Changes in composition and interpretations of curves 26 



Turpentines containing no heavy oils 26 



Turpentines containing heavy oils 26 



Choice of a dephlegmator 27 



Refining 28 



Description of apparatus 29 



Boiling cap sections 29 



Reflux condenser sections 30 



Steam chamber sections 30 



Outlet sections 30 



Pressure regulators 30 



Separators 31 



Speed indicators 31 



General arrangement and operation of apparatus 32 



Refining of crude turpentine No. 1 34 



Analysis and chemical treatment 34 



Distillation 35 



3 



