ANALYSIS, REFINING, AND COMPOSITION. 



35 



were also improved. The first fraction of the treated crude, however, 

 had a more disagreeable odor and more color than the other fractions ; 

 the second fraction still retained these undesirable qualities, but to a 

 lesser degree ; the rest of the fractions were practically colorless and 

 had only slight traces of the strong odor of the first fraction. Since 

 that portion of the distillate which had the undesirable properties 

 also had lower boiling points than the rest of the material, it seemed 

 likely that the undesirable portion could 

 be separated by distillation, with a con- 

 sequent improvement in the properties 

 of the refined turpentine. 



The heavy oils began to come over in 

 quantity at about 70 per cent and the 

 distillate beyond this point was prac- 

 tically free from terpenes. 



AL 



TEMI 'EEA rue; 



DISTILLATION. 



It was decided therefore to separate 

 this crude turpentine by the refining 

 process into two distilled products and 

 u residue, as follows: (1) "Light oils" 

 or " heads" with boiling points below 

 those of turpentine, 5 per cent; (2) re- 

 fined turpentines or " hearts," 65 per 

 i-ent; and (3) "heavy oils" or "tails" 

 with boiling points and gravity above 

 those of turpentine, 30 per cent. In 

 order to secure such a separation in the 

 refining still it was necessary to regu- 

 late the flow of the different products 

 to the following speeds (the crude tur- 

 pentine running at 25 gallons per hour) : 



For heads 5 per cent, of 25, or 1.25 gallons per hour. 



For hearts 65 per cent of 25, or 16.25 gallons per hour. 



For tails 30 per cent of 25, or 7.5 gallons per hour. 

 In the distillation of this turpentine and all others as well the 

 first runnings of the distillates were caught separately until the 

 adjustment was completed, because the composition of the products 

 would vary greatly at first. The analyses shown hereafter repre- 

 sent the composition of the products obtained after the still was 

 properly adjusted and running smoothly. For instance, this run on 

 turpentine No. 1 occupied about 4J hours, but the products shown in 

 the analyses were obtained during a little less than 4 hours of this 

 time. 



160 165 170 175 180 165* 190 195 

 Of> 7 6 3 .90 31 .92 .95 



O J.468 l>>70 U72 IA~K W7fe \A16 14.80 



FIG. 22. Boiling point, specific 

 gravity, and index of refraction 

 curves for crude turpentine No. 

 2, after treatment with caustic 

 soda solution. 



