FUSTIC WOOD: ITS SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS. 



[e not radially flattened. The wood fibers have thick walls, small 

 vities, and vary in length from 0.714 to 1.008 millimeters, with an 

 erage length. of 0.865 millimeter, which is intermediate between 

 smoke-tree and true fustic. The wood of this species (fig. 2) presents 

 an entirely different arrangement of structural elements from that of 



FIG. 3. Transverse section of osage orange ( Toxylon pomiferum). Magnified 50 d 



either smoke-tree or true fustic, and there should be no difficulty in 

 distinguishing the three species if smooth transverse cuts are viewed 

 with a hand lens magnifying 6 or 8 diameters. 



SOUTHERN PRICKLY ASH. 



(Xanihoxylum clava-herculis Linn.). 



Besides southern prickly ash, which ranges from southern Virginia 

 to Florida and westward to Texas, the woods of the following species 

 of semitropical Florida and the West Indies have appeared as sub- 



Kitutes for fustic: Espino (Xanihoxylum acuminatum Swartz), yel- 

 wwood (X. ochroxylum D. C.), satinwood (X. cribrosum Spreng.), 



