46 BULLETIN 229, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



their transportation would be costly. A few negro hands might be 

 secured to teach the Mexicans, but whether the results would be 

 satisfactory is, of course, unknown. In California both Indian and 

 white labor is available in many timbered portions that have tur- 

 pentine possibilities, but here also the chippers would have to be 

 taught how to use a hack. 



The shorter season in Arizona, as compared with that of the South- 

 east, and the comparative severity of the winters in the timbered 

 parts of the State, might make it necessary to discontinue operations 

 entirely for a few months during the winter. This would necessitate 

 the reorganization of the operating force each spring, with a great 

 many attendant difficulties. The flow continued longer in California 

 than in Arizona, the experimental areas in the former State showing 

 a considerably higher average temperature than those in the latter, 

 though the diurnal range of temperature in California was greater. 



Western yellow pine timber generally grows in open stands free 

 from underbrush, and in most cases there would be little, if any, 

 more difficulty in moving the crude gum than in the Southeast. On 

 rough gro.und burro pack trains might be used. Two small kegs or 

 buckets, holding about 150 pounds of dip, could be slung on each 

 animal. 



The number of cups that can be hung on an acre of average west- 

 ern yellow pine compares favorably with the number hung on many 

 areas now being turpentined in the Southeast. The western trees 

 are larger than most of the southeastern ones, though their bark is 

 thicker and rougher, and the outer portion must be removed before 

 the trees are chipped. This, of course, means the expense of an 

 extra step not necessary in southeastern operations. Such work can 

 be done by the use of a broadaxe or heavy spade-shaped tool with 

 a cutting edge. 



The cost of securing turpentine rights in the Southeast is constantly 

 rising, and it is likely that turpentine stumpage could be leased at 

 lower rates in the West. At present the turpentine and rosin used 

 in the West is shipped from the Gulf States, and the advantage of 

 cutting out a two or three thousand mile haul to western markets is 

 evident. 



The naval stores industry is not new in California. During the 

 Civil War when the supply of naval stores from the South was cut 

 off an attempt was made to supply the northern States from the 

 Pacific coast. The industry remained active for four or five years, 

 but suddenly declined when North Carolina again came into the 

 market after the close of the war. 



The commercial success of turpentine operations in the Southwest 

 will be doubtful until tried on a commercial scale. Nearly as much 

 turpentine and rosin were obtained from western yellow pine as from 



