70 FEATHERED SEEDS. WILLOW. [CHAP. 



Another mode, which is frequently adopted, is 

 the development of long hairs. Sometimes, as in 

 Clematis, Anemone, and Dryas, these hairs take the 

 form of a long feathery awn. In others the hairs 

 form a tuft or crown, which botanists term a pappus. 

 Of this the Dandelion and John Go-to-bed-at-noon, 

 so called from its habit of shutting its flowers about 

 mid-day, are well-known examples. Tufts of hairs, 

 which are themselves sometimes feathered, are de- 

 veloped in a great many Composites, though some, 

 as, for instance, the Daisy and Lapsana, are without 

 them ; in some very interesting species, of which the 

 common TJirincia hirta of our lawns and meadows 

 is one, there are two kinds of fruits, as shown in 

 Fig. 48, b, one with a pappus and one without. The 

 former are adapted to seek " fresh woods and pastures 

 new," while the latter stay near the parent plant and 

 perpetuate the race at home. 



A more or less similar pappus is found among 

 various English plants in the Epilobium (Fig. 48, a), 

 Thrincia (Fig. 48, &), Tamarix (Fig. 48, c], Willow 

 (Fig. 48, d}, Cotton Grass (Fig. 48, e), and Bulrush 

 (Fig. 48, /) ; while in exotic species there are many 

 other cases as, for instance, the beautiful Oleander. 

 As in the wings, so also in that of the pappus, it 

 is by no means always the same part of the plant 

 which develops into the crown of hairs. Thus in the 

 Valerians and Composites it is the ^alyx ; in the 

 Bulrush the perianth ; in Epilobium the crown of the 

 seed , in the Cotton Grass it is supposed to represent 

 the perianth ; while in some, as, for instance, in the 

 Cotton plant, the whole outer surface of the seed is 



