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CHAPTER XIII. 



THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM— Continued. 



INLAND EXTENSION OF THE COAL MEASURES OF THE JOGGINS — SHORIS 

 OF NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT USEFUL MINERALS OF CUMBERLAND. 



The beds that appear at the Joggins can be traced eastward for 

 many miles, and reappear with a very similar arrangement in the banks 

 of the inland streams on their line of strike, as, for instance, on the 

 Hebert River and Macean River ; on the latter of which some of the 

 Joggins beds appear ten miles from the coast. They no doubt extend, 

 with some modifications in the details, quite to the coast of North- 

 umberland Strait. On this coast, however, the rocks are not so well 

 exposed as on the shores of Chiegnecto Bay, and they have been dis- 

 turbed by lines of fracture, extending from the great line of elevation 

 of the Cobequid Mountains. 



In the intervening country the covering of soil prevents the geo- 

 logical traveller from observing much, except the ridges produced 

 by the outcropping edges of the harder sandstones. The only portion 

 of this inland region in which important coal measures have been 

 observed is at Springhill, about twenty miles eastward of the Joggins 

 coast, where it would seem that the great synclinal seen on the coast 

 section runs out to the surface, presenting a narrow trough-shaped 

 arrangement, accompanied by some disturbance of the beds. 



At Pugwash, we find large beds of limestone and gypsum, the for- 

 mer with Lower Carboniferous shells ; among which are the Productus 

 semireticulatus, and a similar but more finely striated species, the 

 P. cor a. There are also joints, of Encrinites, a little Aviculopecten 

 or scallop, and a smooth shell, Terebratula saccidus, belonging to the 

 same tribe with the Products, but more closely allied in form to the 

 few species of that tribe which inhabit the existing seas. This lime- 

 stone is of good quality, and has been extensively quarried. It dips 

 to the S.W. On the shore in the vicinity a series of sandstones and 

 brownish shales appear, also with S.W. dips. Associated with them 

 are some beds of gray and black shale, with leaves of ferns and 

 Cordaites. The limestone is again seen at Canfield's Creek, and there 



