214 THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 



it is associated with gypsum. The dip is S. S. W. These Pugvvash 

 beds are evidently Lower Carboniferous, and if the same regularity that 

 we have observed at the Joggins prevailed, would be associated with 

 a series of Coal formation rocks regularly succeeding them. A portion 

 of such a series does appear in ascending Pugwash River, but in pro- 

 ceeding to the eastward we find that the centre of the trough is broken 

 up by a dislocation or anticlinal line, extending to Cape Malagash, 

 which causes the coal measure rocks to be ridged up in such a manner 

 that two narrow troughs with an intervening anticlinal appear to occur 

 between Pugwash and the Cobequid Hills. On the east side of Pug- 

 wash Harbour we find gray sandstones, apparently of the Upper Coal 

 formation, in very thick beds, dipping to the north, and containing 

 prostrate trunks of carbonized trees and Calamites. The shore runs 

 nearly in the direction of the beds, and the gray sandstones in conse- 

 quence form a sort of sea-wall sloping toward the strait, and extending 

 from Pugwash to Oak Island. Under these sandstones are beds of 

 gray shale, with fossil ferns and a small seam of coal ; and these are 

 again underlaid by dark red, brown, and mottled sandstones and shales. 

 On the shore of Wallace Harbour there are gray sandstones and gray 

 and brown shales, with high dips to the north-east ; they are far 

 beneath the beds seen on the Gulf Shore, and probably belong to the 

 Middle Coal measures, possibly to their lower part. They contain at 

 one place a thin seam of sulphurous coal, and chalybeate and sulphur- 

 ous springs rise from them. The whole of these beds, as well as others 

 seen farther inland, bear a striking resemblance, as far as can be 

 observed, to those of the Joggins section. 



Sandstones and shales of the Coal formation prevail along the coast 

 between Wallace and Cape Malagash, and there present some appear- 

 ances worthy of notice, more especially the association of limestone, 

 marine shells, and gypsum, with beds containing trunks of fossil 

 coniferous trees, and the occurrence of coal measure beds in a vertical 

 position, or disturbed as far as possible from their original horizontality. 

 At M'Kenzie's Mill, not far from the eastern extremity of Wallace 

 Harbour, the following curious succession occurs, in descending 

 order : — 



Feet. 



Gray limestone with Productus cora, P. semireticulatus, and 

 Aviculopecten simplex, the cavities of the shells filled with 

 crystalline gypsum ........ 2 



White small-grained crystalline gypsum . . . . .10 



Reddish shale and sandstone with layers of arenaceous aud concre- 

 tionary limestone ........ 40 



