FARM ANIMALS 91 



the other to obtain a combination dairy and beef 

 animal. We thus have the fat Shorthorn and the 

 dairy Shorthorn. In grading up native cattle, 

 Shorthorns have been widely used with good re- 

 sults. In some instances they have been found 

 wanting in constitution and with a tendency to 

 sterility on account of forced feeding and irrational 

 treatment, particularly in breeding. 



Shorthorns show in all respects the form and 

 characteristics which feeders require in the beef 

 type of animal. The outlines are those of a 

 parallelogram, the back lines and belly lines being 

 straight parallel lines and the side lines showing no 

 pronounced tendency to converge in the hips and 

 shoulders. The whole form is round and regular 

 with a good coat of flesh over the whole body and 

 all cavities well filled. The standard colors 

 commonly recognized are red, roan, and white, 

 red being preferred by nearly all breeders and 

 cattle buyers. Roan is always an acceptable 

 color in Shorthorns, but white is not a favorite in 

 some localities. In fact judges occasionally dis- 

 criminate against Shorthorn cattle showing this 

 color. 



Hereford. In point of numbers this breed 

 should come second to the above breed. The 

 Herefords have been referred to in England since 

 1627 and were first introduced in the United States 

 by Henry Clay in 1817. At present they are 

 distributed throughout nearly every State and 

 territory of the United States and most of the 

 provinces of the Dominion of Canada. About 

 200,000 Herefords have been registered in America. 

 This breed is almost equal to the Shorthorn in 

 size and weight and is rapidly gaining in popu- 

 larity. They readily adapt themselves to all 



