104 FARM ANIMALS 



liver oil, or some other cream substitute, than on 

 whole milk. In one test the cheapest gain was 

 made on skim milk and cod liver oil, a pound of 

 gain costing eight cents on whole milk and three and 

 one-half cents on skim milk, corn meal, and cod 

 liver oil under the same conditions. Occasionally 

 it has been observed that the greatest gains are 

 made on whole milk, but almost uniformly it has 

 been found that the use of skim milk and cream 

 substitute gives excellent results at a great saving 

 in the cost of the ration. Various other sub- 

 stances have been added to skim milk to take the 

 place of cream, removed in separating. Thus, for 

 example, starch, oleomargarine, scalded linseed 

 meal, corn meal, Kafir corn meal, rice meal, cocoa- 

 nut oil cake, cocoa shell milk, hay tea and other 

 materials have been used with more or less success. 

 In substituting a material in the calf ration for 

 the cream, attention must be given to the cleanli- 

 ness of the grain or other materials used as other- 

 wise the calves may scour. In this regard, cod 

 liver oil has been found very beneficial as it ap- 

 parently obviates the danger of scouring and in 

 one or two instances has given better results than 

 a mixture of linseed meal and molasses, which in 

 turn were more expensive than the cod liver oil. 

 In some cases cod liver oil has been added to the 

 ration in the proportion of two ounces to five 

 quarts of milk, after the calves had been fed on 

 whole milk for a period of five weeks. It is usually 

 best, however, to make the change from whole 

 milk to skim milk and cream substitute at an early 

 age. Cocoanut oil cake has been used with success 

 at the rate of four ounces to three gallons of milk, 

 with the further addition of two ounces of mo- 

 lasses. This mixture, however, is not as easy to 



