FARM ANIMALS 105 



prepare as many other similar ones. Cocoa shell 

 milk may be prepared by boiling one-quarter of a 

 pound of cocoa shells in two gallons of water and 

 feeding the milk thus produced in rations of one 

 and one-half to two gallons daily. 



A large number of feeders have had the best re- 

 sults from the use of flaxseed meal as a substi- 

 tute for cream. When this cannot be obtained in 

 suitable quantities corn meal and Kafir corn meal 

 or other similar grain mixtures may be used in its 

 place. Corn oil has been found rather too laxative 

 to use in calf feeding, even when added to the milk 

 so as to make a two per cent, mixture. Linseed 

 meal gives uniformly good results. It is not only 

 an excellent food for replacing the cream for calf 

 feeding, but is also a very economic food. It may 

 also be mixed with germ oil meal with good re- 

 sults. 



In Pennsylvania it was found possible, as the 

 result of numerous experiments, to raise calves of 

 prime quality without any milk whatever after the 

 age of two weeks. A number of successful milk 

 substitutes were devised. One of these contained 

 a mixture of sixteen and two-thirds parts flour, 

 thirty-three and one-third parts flaxseed meal and 

 fifty parts linseed meal. Another contained wheat 

 flour, cocoanut meal, nutrium, linseed meal, and 

 dried blood in the proportion of 30:25:20:10:2. 

 Still another contained corn meal, nutrium, flax 

 seed, dried blood, flour, cocoanut meal and oat 

 chops. 



In Kansas considerable experience was had with 

 the use of calf -feeders, consisting of a rubber tube 

 fastened at a convenient height for the calf to reach, 

 and the tube being connected with the milk in the 

 pail. Considerable difficulty was had with the man- 



