FARM ANIMALS 147 



inches in front of the thigh bone below the process 

 of the back bone and behind the last rib. At this 

 point the stomach is firmly attached to the body 

 wall so that the gas escapes through the opening 

 to the outside. The wound caused by the oper- 

 ation heals readily under ordinary care. 



Mange is a disease caused by a mite, which 

 closely resembles that of horse mange and sheep 

 scab. This prevails most extensively on the ranges 

 of the far West. The affected cattle rub them- 

 selves, and the hair comes loose in patches. The 

 only successful treatment for this consists in plung- 

 ing cattle into a dipping vat containing lime and 

 sulphur in the proportion of twenty-one pounds 

 sulphur and seventeen pounds lime to one hundred 

 gallons of water or from the use of some of the pro- 

 prietary remedies prepared for this purpose and 

 readily obtained on the market. 



Cattle besides being affected with numerous 

 other diseases of less general distribution such as 

 corn stalk disease, joint ill, septicemia, etc., are 

 frequently attacked by horn flies, ox warble fly, buf- 

 falo gnat, etc. The ox warble fly punctures the 

 skins and, thus, the hides are reduced in value. The 

 horn fly worries cattle and causes considerable 

 loss in weight during the summer season. Many 

 preparations have been concocted for spraying 

 on cattle to keep flies away. The best success 

 has been obtained from the use of the ordinary 

 kerosene emulsion which may be sprayed on the 

 hair at frequent intervals at a very slight expense. 

 Buffalo gnats prevail in the Mississippi valley, 

 especially after extensive inundations. In some 

 instances they occur in such numbers as to cause 

 great loss in cattle. The cattle may be protected 

 to some extent by the use of smudges. 



